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%----------Kurzfassung DEUTSCH----------------------------------------------------------------
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\addsec{Kurzfassung}
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Deutschsprachige Kurzfassung...
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%----------Zusammenfassung Englisch/Abstract----------------------------------------------------------------
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\addsec{Abstract}
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Here goes the abstract (English language)...
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%----------Danksagung/Acknowledgments--------------------------------------------------------------
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\addsec{Acknowledgments}
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Helo
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%----------Eidesstattliche Erklärung/Affidavit----------------------------------------
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\addsec{Affidavit}
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I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work, that I have not
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submitted it elsewhere for examination purposes, have not used any sources or
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aids other than those indicated, and have marked verbatim and indirect
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quotations as such.\\[2em]
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Ingolstadt, \rule{0.3\textwidth}{0.4pt}\\ [1.5cm]
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%\textcolor{white}{.}\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad \small (Datum) \\ [1.5cm]
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%(Unterschrift) \\
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(Signature)\\
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Philip Gaber
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% ----------Anhang/Appendices--------------------------------------------------------------
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\appendix
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\section{Appendices}
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\subsection{Statista charts}
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\label{sec:a1}
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/GER_households_w_computer.png}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/ITU_households_w_computer.png}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}[H]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/erostat_ent_w_comp.png}
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\end{figure}
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\subsection{Collection of available actuation forces for different keyswitch manufacturers}
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\label{app:keyswitch}
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To gather information about available actuation forces, the product lines of
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keyswitches for all well known manufacturers, namely Cherry, Kailh, Gateron,
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Matias, Razer and Logitech were collected. Since some of the key actuation
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forces listed on the manufacturers or resellers websites were given in \gls{cN}
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and most of them in \gls{g} or \gls{gf}, the values were adjusted to gram to
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reflect a trend that is within a margin of ± 2 g of accuracy. The results shown
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in \textit{Figure \ref{fig:iter}} are used to determine the minimum, maximum and most common
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actuation force for broadly available keyswitches.
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/keyswitches_brands.png}
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\caption{Available actuation forces for keyswitches of major keyswitch manufacturers}
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\label{keys:actuation_force}
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\end{figure}
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\clearpage
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\subsection{Go Typing Test - Self programmed typing test platform for this thesis}
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\label{app:gott}
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/gott_typing_test.png}
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\caption{Go TyingTest (GoTT) - Typing test}
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\label{gott:typing_test}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/gott_contribute_text.png}
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\caption{Go TyingTest (GoTT) - Text contribution section}
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\label{gott:contribute_text}
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\end{figure}
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\begin{figure}[h]
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\centering
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\includegraphics[width=0.64\textwidth]{images/gott_demographics_survey.png}
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\caption{Go TyingTest (GoTT) - Demographics survey}
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\label{gott:demographics_survey}
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\end{figure}
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@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
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% Chapter 0 - Proposal
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% Section 1 - Motivation, problem statement and thesis objectives
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\section{Bachelor Thesis Proposal - Philip Gaber}
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{\huge Impact of adjusted, per key, actuation force on efficiency and satisfaction while using mechanical keyboards}
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\subsection{Motivation}
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In recent years, computers are used to some extend in almost every industry in
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Europe \cite{eurostat_ent_w_comp} and China \cite{iresearch_ent_w_comp}. This
|
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leads to the conclusion, that also other countries must have a high usage of
|
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computers in corporations. Furthermore, according to a statistic published by
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\citeauthor{itu_hh_w_comp} in 2019, nearly half of the worldwide households have
|
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access to at least one computer \cite{itu_hh_w_comp}. One of the most used
|
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devices for data input while operating a computer is the keyboard
|
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\parencite[22]{handbook_chi}. Therefore, people who use a computer, either at
|
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home or to fulfill certain tasks at work, are also likely to use a keyboard. An
|
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important part of a keyboard is the keyswitch also called keyboard key or
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key. Those keyswitches use, depending on the manufacturer or keyboard type,
|
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different mechanisms to actuate a keypress. More commonly used mechanism to date
|
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are scissor switches, mostly used in laptop keyboards, dome/membrane switches,
|
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often used in low- to mid-priced keyboards, and mechanical switches which are
|
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the main switch type for high-priced and gaming keyboards
|
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\cite{ergopedia_keyswitch}. Depending on the mechanism and type of key used, it
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is possible that different force has to be applied to the key to activate
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it. Normally, the force required to activate a key is identical for each key
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across the keyboard. However, previous research has shown, that there is a
|
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disparity in force generated by different fingers
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\cite{bretz_finger_force}. This raises the question, why there are no keyboards
|
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for personal or work related use cases with adjusted actuation forces per finger
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or even customizable keyboards, where an individual can select the actuation
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force for each keyswitch individually.
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\subsection{Proposed Objective, Research Question and Hypothesis}
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% This thesis is intended to provide an overview of already conducted research in
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% the domain of keyboards, especially in connection with actuation force and the
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% impact of different keyswitches on keyboard users.
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% Because there is no previous research in the particular field of per finger/key
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% actuation force for (mechanical) keyboards and the impact of such customization
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% on efficiency and comfort, this thesis is also intended to research if this is a
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% viable option in comparison to the classic keyboard with uniform actuation
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% force. Therefore the author proposes to answer the question:
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This thesis is intended to research if a keyboard with zones of keys, which have
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adjusted actuation force depending on the assigned finger for that zone and the
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position on the keyboard, is a viable option compared to the standard keyboard
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with uniform actuation force across all keyswitches.
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\begin{tabular}{p{0.3cm} p{0.5cm} p{13cm} p{0.5cm}}
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& \textbf{\large RQ} & {\Large Does an adjusted actuation force per key have a positive impact on efficiency and overall satisfaction while using a mechanical keyboard?} & \\
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\end{tabular}
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\vspace{1em}
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% TODO: Dissatisfied statt comfort da hohe error rate und dadurch frustriert
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% TODO: Bei hypothesen noch error rate bei geschwindigkeit mit einbeziehen
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% ASK: Doch noch comfort mit einbeziehen?
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\begin{longtable}{p{0.3cm} p{0.5cm} p{13cm} p{0.5cm}}
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& \textbf{H1} & Lower key actuation force improves typing speed over higher key actuation force (efficiency - speed). & \\
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& & & \\
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& \textbf{H2} & Higher key actuation force decreases typing errors compared to lower key actuation force (efficiency - error rate). & \\
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& & & \\
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& \textbf{H3} & Keys with lower actuation force are perceived as more satisfactory to write with than keys with higher actuation force. & \\
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& & & \\
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& \textbf{H4} & Users perform better and feel more satisfied while using Keyboards with adjusted key actuation force than without the adjustment. & \\
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\end{longtable}
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\section{Proposed Method}
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\subsection{Subjects}
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It is planned to recruit 20 participants in total. Main target group to recruit
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participants for the research study from are personal contacts and fellow
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students. Participants are required to type with more than just one finger per
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hand. Thus, touch typing is not a mandatory but helpful skill to
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participate. The age distribution for the subjects is estimated to be between 18
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and 56 years. The average typing speed should be known prior to the main
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experiment. Therefore, a typing speed test should be performed on the subject's
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own keyboard in beginning of the experiment. This typing test has to be
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performed within the standardized test environment consisting of an adjustable
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chair, desk, monitor and the typing test software used within the main
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experiment. Also, all subjects have to give their written consent to
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participate in the study.
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\subsection{Study design}
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Participants must complete several typing tests using four different keyboards.
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The experiment should consist of a experimental group and a control group. The
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control group will perform all typing tests with the same keyboard. The text
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used for the typing test should be easily understandable. Therefore, the text
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has to be evaluated with the help of a \gls{FRE} \cite{flesch_fre}
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adjusted for German language \cite{immel_fre}.
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\begin{equation}\label{fre_german}
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FRE_{deutsch} = 180 - \underbrace{ASL}_{\mathclap{\text{Average Sentence Length}}} - (58,5 * \overbrace{ASW}^{\mathclap{\text{Average Syllables per Word}}})
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\end{equation}
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The adjusted formula (\ref{fre_german}) to estimate the understandability of the
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texts used in this experiment usually yields a number in the range of
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\([0;100]\) called the \gls{FRE}. Higher \gls{FRE}s refer to better
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understandability and thus the texts used in this experiment all have to fulfill
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the requirement of a \gls{FRE} \(> 70\), which represents a fairly easy text
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\cite{immel_fre} and \cite{flesch_fre}.
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One typing test will consist of several smaller, randomly chosen, texts
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snippets. The length of the snippets has to be between 100 and 400 characters
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and a snippet has to meet the \gls{FRE} requirement. The snippets are generated by
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volunteers via the web interface of the platform used in this experiment which
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can be seen in appendix \ref{app:gott}.
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% ASK: Should there be a control group at all, if so should they use their own keyboard or always the same random keyboard while they think they are testing different keyswitches?
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After each typing test, the participant has to fill out an adjusted CEN ISO/TS
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9241-411:2014 keyboard comfort questionnaire \cite{iso9241-411}. One additional
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question was added to this questionnaire: ``How satisfied have you been with
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this keyboard?'' The answer for this question can be selected with the help of a
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\gls{VAS} ranging from 0 to 100 \cite{lewis_vas}.
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\textbf{Planned experiment procedure: (Total time requirement: 120 min)}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item Pre-Test questionnaire to gather demographic and other relevant
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information e.g., touch typist, average \gls{KB} usage per day, predominantly
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used keyboard type, previous medical conditions affecting the result of the
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study e.g., \gls{RSI}, \gls{CTS}, etc. The full questionnaire can be observed
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in the appendix \ref{app:gott}. (5 min)
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\item Adjustment of the test environment (Chair height, monitor height, etc.) (2 min)
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\item Prepare subject for \gls{EMG} measurements: Electrodes are placed on the
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\gls{FDS}/\gls{FDP} and \gls{ED} of both forearms. The main function of the
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\gls{FDS} and \gls{FDP} is the flexion of the medial four digits, while the
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\gls{ED} mainly extends the medial four digits. Therefore, these muscles are
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primarily involved in the finger movements required for typing on a keyboard
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\cite{netter_anatomy}. (8 min)
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\item Familiarization with the typing test and keyboard model used in the experiment. All participants use the same keyboard with 50g actuation force for this step. (5 min)
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\item Initial typing test with own keyboard. (5 min) \\
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Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\
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Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min)
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% SUBTOTAL: 30 min
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\item \textbf{Main Test (H1-H4):} In this part the subject has to
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take two, 5 minute, typing tests per keyboard, with a total of 4
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keyboards (\gls{KB} A, \gls{KB} B, \gls{KB} C, \gls{KB} D). After each
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typing test, the subject has to fill out the post typing test keyboard
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comfort questionnaire. Keyboards A, B and C are equipped with one set of
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keyswitches and therefore each of the keyboards provides one of the
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following, uniform, actuation forces across all keyswitches: 35 \gls{g},
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50 \gls{g} or 80 \gls{g}. These specific values are the results of a
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self conducted comparison between the product lines of most major
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keyswitch manufacturers. The results shown in appendix
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\ref{app:keyswitch} yield, that the lowest broadly available force for
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keyswitches is 35 \gls{g}, the highest broadly available force is 80
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\gls{g}, and the most common offered force is 50 \gls{g}. Keyboard D is
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equipped with different zones of keyswitches that use appropriate
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actuation forces according to finger strength differences and key
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position. The keyboards used in this experiment are visually identical,
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ISO/IEC 9995-1 conform \cite{iso9995-1} and provide a \gls{QWERTZ}
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layout to resemble the subjects day-to-day layout and keyboard format as
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close as possible. All keyboards are equipped with linear mechanical
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keyswitches from one manufacturer to minimize differences in haptic and
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sound while typing. To mitigate order effects, the order of the
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keyboards is counterbalanced with the help of the latin square method
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and the text snippets for the individual tests are randomized
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\cite{statist_counterbalancing}. \textbf{(total: 80 min)}
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\begin{enumerate}
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\item \textbf{\gls{KB} A, Part 1:} Typing test. (5min) \\
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Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\
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Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min)
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\item \textbf{\gls{KB} A, Part 2:} Typing test. (5min) \\
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Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\
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Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min)
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\item \textbf{\gls{KB} C, Part 1:} Typing test. (5min) \\
|
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Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\
|
||||
Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min)
|
||||
\item \textbf{\gls{KB} C, Part 2:} Typing test. (5min) \\
|
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Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\
|
||||
Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min)
|
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\item \textbf{\gls{KB} B, Part 1:} Typing test. (5min) \\
|
||||
Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\
|
||||
Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min)
|
||||
\item \textbf{\gls{KB} B, Part 2:} Typing test. (5min) \\
|
||||
Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\
|
||||
Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min)
|
||||
\item \textbf{\gls{KB} D, Part 1:} Typing test. (5min) \\
|
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Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\
|
||||
Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min)
|
||||
\item \textbf{\gls{KB} D, Part 2:} Typing test. (5min) \\
|
||||
Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\
|
||||
Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min)
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
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\item Post-Test semi-structured interview: The participant has to draw three
|
||||
different UX curves \cite{kujala_ux_curve} to evaluate how fatigue,
|
||||
performance and overall usability of the individual keyboards were perceived
|
||||
during the experiment. While drawing the UX curve, participants should
|
||||
describe their thought process. To reduce errors in the later evaluation of
|
||||
the UX curves, the entire interview is recorded. (10 min)
|
||||
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
|
||||
The \gls{EMG} data for all muscles is captured using the Flexvolt Chrome app and Flexvolt 8-Channel
|
||||
biosensor device in combination with TIGA-MED ECD-Electrodes. The captured data is then processed and
|
||||
plotted using Python. Hardware and plots can be observed in Figure \ref{fig:emg_setup}.
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{figure}[h]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{images/emg_setup.jpg}
|
||||
\caption{Flexvolt 8-Channel Biosensor and example plots of \gls{EMG} data}
|
||||
\label{fig:emg_setup}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
|
||||
This test scenario is inspired by the tests conducted in \cite{kim_typingforces}.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
||||
\subsection{Motivation}
|
||||
In recent years, computers are used to some extend in almost every industry in
|
||||
Europe \cite{eurostat_ent_w_comp} and China \cite{iresearch_ent_w_comp}. This
|
||||
leads to the conclusion, that also other countries must have a high usage of
|
||||
computers in corporations. Furthermore, according to a statistic published by
|
||||
\citeauthor{itu_hh_w_comp} in 2019, nearly half of the worldwide households have
|
||||
access to at least one computer \cite{itu_hh_w_comp}. One of the most used
|
||||
devices for data input while operating a computer is the keyboard
|
||||
\parencite[22]{handbook_chi}. Therefore, people who use a computer, either at
|
||||
home or to fulfill certain tasks at work, are also likely to use a keyboard. An
|
||||
important part of a keyboard is the keyswitch also called keyboard key or
|
||||
key. Those keyswitches use, depending on the manufacturer or keyboard type,
|
||||
different mechanisms to actuate a keypress. More commonly used mechanism to date
|
||||
are scissor switches, mostly used in laptop keyboards, rubber dome and membrane switches,
|
||||
often used in low- to mid-priced keyboards, and mechanical switches which are
|
||||
the main switch type for high-end and gaming keyboards
|
||||
\cite{ergopedia_keyswitch}. Depending on the mechanism and type of key used, it
|
||||
is possible that different force has to be applied to the key to activate
|
||||
it. Normally, the force required to activate a key is identical for each key
|
||||
across the keyboard. However, previous research has shown, that there is a
|
||||
disparity in force generated by different fingers
|
||||
\cite{bretz_finger_force}. This raises the question, why there are no keyboards
|
||||
for personal or work related use cases with adjusted actuation forces per finger
|
||||
or even customizable keyboards, where an individual can select the actuation
|
||||
force for each keyswitch individually.
|
||||
|
||||
In recent decades, computers and other electronic devices have become an
|
||||
indispensable part of everyday life. Computers are used in almost every industry
|
||||
\cite{iresearch_ent_w_comp, eurostat_ent_w_comp} and almost half of the
|
||||
worldwide households have access to at least one computer \cite{itu_hh_w_comp}.
|
||||
Even 153 years after the first typewriter was patented \cite{noyes_qwerty, }
|
||||
people still use keyboards as their main way to input data into a computer
|
||||
\parencite[22]{handbook_chi}, \cite{broel_dektop_or_smartphone}. A potential
|
||||
problem while interacting with a computer through the usage of a keyboard are
|
||||
rapid movements of the fingers over a prolonged time.
|
||||
|
||||
Input tasks are not only restricted to pure data entry but also include complex
|
||||
inputs required by games.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Prolonged usage of computers can lead to serious diseases
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
With the rising popularity of smartphones and other touchscreen devices
|
||||
\cite{gs_statcounter_dmt_2020} which utilize virtual keyboards to fulfill a
|
||||
variety of tasks that also include data entry, e.g., writing text messages,
|
||||
short emails, communicating on social media or web browsing
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
|
||||
\section{Literature Review}
|
||||
To better understand which metrics and methods are meaningful in the domain of keyboards and especially when
|
||||
|
||||
To investigate whether or not solely the actuation force of individual keys can make a difference in terms of efficiency or satisfaction an ....
|
||||
\subsection{Keyboards and key switches}
|
||||
|
||||
Keyboards are well known input devices used to operate a computer. There are a
|
||||
variety of keyboard types and models available on the market, some of which can
|
||||
be seen in Figure \ref{fig:keyboard_models}. The obvious difference between
|
||||
those keyboards in Figure \ref{fig:keyboard_models} is their general
|
||||
appearance. What we see is mainly the general shape of the enclosure and the
|
||||
keycaps, which are the rectangular pieces of plastic on top of the actual
|
||||
keyswitches which indicate which letter, number or symbol, also known as
|
||||
characters, a keypress should send to the computer. These keycaps are mainly
|
||||
made out of the two plastics \gls{ABS} and \gls{PBT} which mainly differ in
|
||||
feel, durability, cost and sound \parencite[8]{bassett_keycap}. Nowadays, there
|
||||
are three main standards for the physical layout of keyboards namely ISO/IEC
|
||||
9995 \cite{iso9995-2}, ANSI-INCITS 154-1988 \cite{ansi-incits-154-1988} and JIS
|
||||
X 6002-1980 \cite{jis-x-6002-1980}, that propose slightly different arrangements
|
||||
of the keys and some even alter the shape of a few keys. Figure
|
||||
TODO\ref{fig:keyboard_ISO_ANSI_JSP} shows the layouts defined by the three
|
||||
standards mentioned and shows the main differences. In addition to the physical
|
||||
layout, there are also various layouts concerning the mapping of the physical
|
||||
key to a character that is displayed by the computer. Most of the time, the
|
||||
mapping happens on the computer via software and therefore the choice of layout
|
||||
is not necessarily restricted by the physical layout of the keyboard but rather
|
||||
a personal preference. As seen in Figure TODO \ref{fig:keyboard_models}, there
|
||||
are also non standard physical layouts available which are often designed to
|
||||
improve the posture of the upper extremity while typing to reduce the risk of
|
||||
injury or even assist in recovering from previous \gls{WRUED}
|
||||
\cite{ripat_ergo}. Those designs often split the keyboard in two halves to
|
||||
reduce ulnar deviation and some designs also allow tenting of the halves or
|
||||
provide a fixed tent which also reduces forearm pronation \cite{baker_ergo,
|
||||
rempel_ergo}. Besides the exterior design of the keyboard, there is another
|
||||
part of interest—the keyswitch. This component of a keyboard actually sends the
|
||||
signal that a key is pressed down. There are different types of keyswitches
|
||||
available to date. The more commonly available ones are scissor switches and
|
||||
rubber dome switches which are both subsets of the membrane switches. Scissor
|
||||
switches are often found in keyboards that are integrated into notebooks while
|
||||
rubber dome switches are mostly used in workplace keyboards. Both variants use a
|
||||
rubber membrane with small domes underneath each key. When a key is pressed, the
|
||||
corresponding dome collapses and because the dome's inner wall is coated with a
|
||||
conductive material, closes an electrical circuit \cite{ergopedia_keyswitch,
|
||||
peery_3d_keyswitch}. Another type of switches are mechanical
|
||||
keyswitches. These switches are frequently used in gaming and high quality
|
||||
workplace keyboards as well as by enthusiast along with prosumers which build
|
||||
and then sell custom made keyboards to the latter audience \cite{bassett_keycap,
|
||||
ergopedia_keyswitch}. These keyswitches are composed of several mechanical
|
||||
parts which can be examined in Figure TODO\ref{fig:mech_keyswitch_dissas}. The
|
||||
housing is made up of two parts, the bottom and top shell. The actual mechanism
|
||||
consists of two conductive plates, which when connected trigger a keypress, a
|
||||
stainless steel spring which defines how much force has to be applied to the
|
||||
switch to activate it and a stem which sits on top of the spring and separates
|
||||
the two plates. When pressure is applied to the keycap, which is connected to
|
||||
the stem, the spring gets contracted and the stem moves downwards and thereby
|
||||
stops separating the two plates which closes the electrical circuit and sends a
|
||||
keypress to the computer. After the key is released, the spring pushes the stem
|
||||
back to its original position \cite{bassett_keycap, peery_3d_keyswitch,
|
||||
ergopedia_keyswitch, chen_mech_switch}. Usually, mechanical keyswitches are
|
||||
directly soldered onto the \gls{PCB} of the keyboard but there are also
|
||||
keyboards where the \gls{PCB} features special sockets where the keyswitches can
|
||||
be hot-swapped without soldering at all \cite{gmmk_hot_swap}. It is also
|
||||
possible to equip an already existing \gls{PCB} with sockets to make it
|
||||
hot-swappable \cite{te_connect}.
|
||||
|
||||
Mechanical keyswitches also have three main subcategories. Those categories
|
||||
primarily define if and how feedback for a keypress is realised:
|
||||
\begin{enumerate}
|
||||
\item \textbf{Tactile Switches} utilize a small bump on the stem to slightly
|
||||
increase the force required immediately before and a collapse of force right
|
||||
after the actual actuation happens. This provides the typist with a short
|
||||
noticeable haptic feedback and which should encourage a premature release of
|
||||
the key. An early study by Brunner and Richardson suggested, that this
|
||||
feedback leads to faster typing speeds and a lower error rate in both
|
||||
experienced and casual typists (n=24) \cite{brunner_keyswitch}. Contrary, a
|
||||
study by Akagi yielded no significant differences in terms of speed and error
|
||||
rate between tactile and linear keyswitches and links the variation found in
|
||||
error rates to differences in actuation force (n=24)
|
||||
\cite{akagi_keyswitch}. Tactile feedback could still assist the typist to
|
||||
prevent \gls{bottoming}.
|
||||
\item \textbf{Tactile and audible Switches (Clicky)} separate the stem into
|
||||
two parts, the lower part also features a small bump to provide tactile
|
||||
feedback and is also responsible for a distinct click sound when the actuation
|
||||
happens. Gerard et al. noted, that in their study (n=24), keyboards with
|
||||
audible feedback increased typing speed and decreased typing force. This
|
||||
improvement could have been due to the previous experience of participants
|
||||
with keyboards of similar model and keyswitch characteristic
|
||||
\cite{gerard_keyswitch}.
|
||||
\item \textbf{Linear Switches} do not offer a distinct feedback for the
|
||||
typist. The activation of the keyswitch just happens after approximately half
|
||||
the total travel distance. The only tactile feedback that could happen is the
|
||||
impact of \gls{bottoming}, but with enough practice, typist can develop a
|
||||
lighter touch which reduces overall typing force and therefore reduces the
|
||||
risk of \gls{WRUED} \cite{gerard_keyswitch, peery_3d_keyswitch, fagarasanu_force_training}.
|
||||
|
||||
\end{enumerate}
|
||||
The corresponding force-displacement curves for one exemplary keyswitch of each
|
||||
category are shown in Figure TODO\ref{fig:ks_fd_curves}.
|
||||
|
||||
All types of keyswitches mentioned so far are available in a myriad of actuation
|
||||
forces. Actuation force, also sometimes referred to as make force, is the force
|
||||
required to activate the keyswitch \cite{radwin_keyswitch,
|
||||
ergopedia_keyswitch}. That means depending on the mechanism used, activation
|
||||
describes the closing of an electrical circuit which then forwards a signal,
|
||||
that is then processed by a controller inside of the keyboard and then forwarded
|
||||
to the computer. The computer then registers the character depending on the
|
||||
layout used by the user. Previous studies have shown, that actuation force has
|
||||
an impact on error rate, subjective discomfort, muscle activity and force
|
||||
applied by the typist \cite{akagi_keyswitch, gerard_keyswitch,
|
||||
hoffmann_typeright} and as suggested by Loricchio, has a moderate impact on
|
||||
typing speed, which could be more significant with greater variation of
|
||||
actuation force across tested keyboards \cite{loricchio_force_speed}.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\subsubsection{Relevance for this thesis}
|
||||
Since this thesis is focused around keyboards and especially the relation
|
||||
between the actuation force of the keyswitch and efficiency (speed, error rate)
|
||||
and also the differences in satisfaction while using keyswitches with varying
|
||||
actuation forces, it was important to evaluate different options of keyswitches
|
||||
that could be used to equip the keyboards used in the experiment. The literature
|
||||
suggested, that the most common switch types used in the broader population are
|
||||
rubber dome and scissor switches \cite{ergopedia_keyswitch,
|
||||
peery_3d_keyswitch}. Naturally, those keyswitches should also be used in the
|
||||
study, but one major problem due to the design of those keyswitches arises. It
|
||||
is not easily possible to alter the actuation force of individual keyswitches
|
||||
\cite{peery_3d_keyswitch}. This will be necessary to create a keyboard where
|
||||
each key should have an adjusted actuation force depending on the finger that
|
||||
normally operates it. It should be mentioned, that it is theoretically possible
|
||||
to exchange individual rubber dome switches on some keyboards, e.g. keyboards
|
||||
with \gls{Topre} switches, but the lacking availability of compatible keyboards
|
||||
and especially the limited selection of actuation forces (30g to 55g for
|
||||
\gls{Topre} \cite{realforce_topre}) makes this not a viable option for this
|
||||
thesis \cite{keychatter_topre}. Therefore, we decided to use mechanical
|
||||
keyswitches for our experiment, because these keyswitches are broadly available
|
||||
in a variety of actuation forces and because the spring which mainly defines the
|
||||
actuation force can be easily replaced with any other compatible spring on the
|
||||
market, the selection of actuation forces is much more appropriate for our use
|
||||
case (30g to 150g) \cite{peery_3d_keyswitch}. We also decided to use linear
|
||||
switches because they closest resemble the feedback of the more wide spread
|
||||
rubber dome switches. Further, linear switches do not introduce additional
|
||||
factors beside the actuation force to the experiment. In addition, based on the
|
||||
previous research we settled on using a keyboard model with hot-swapping
|
||||
capabilities for our experiment to reduce the effort required to equip each
|
||||
keyboard with the required keyswitches and in case a keyswitch fails during
|
||||
the experiment, decrease the time required to replace the faulty switch.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Measurement of keyboard related metrics}
|
||||
A common way to compare different methods concerning alphanumeric input in terms
|
||||
of efficiency is to use one of many typing test applications which are
|
||||
commercially available. Depending on the software used and the experimental
|
||||
setup, users have to input different kinds of text, either for a predefined time
|
||||
or the time is measured till the whole text is transcribed \cite{chen_typing_test}.
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Satisfaction while using a keyboard}
|
||||
\subsection{Text understandability / FRE}
|
||||
\subsection{Crowdsourcing / Observer Bias}
|
||||
\subsection{Keyboard usage}
|
||||
\subsection{Keyswitch types}
|
||||
- Rubber dome
|
||||
- Mechanical switches (Why linear -> rubberdome is not tactile nor has audible feedback)
|
||||
\subsection{Muscle activity / EMG measurements}
|
||||
\subsection{Finger strength}
|
||||
\subsection{Traditional methods}
|
||||
\subsection{Alternative methodology}
|
||||
- Available Methods (Impact vs load)
|
||||
- Load cells
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
\section{Typing Test}
|
||||
\label{sec:label}
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Finger strength measurement device}
|
||||
\label{sec:label}
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
\section{Research Approach}
|
||||
\section{Analysis of available mechanical keyswitches}
|
||||
- Why have we chosen these switches
|
||||
\section{Preliminary telephone interview}
|
||||
\section{Preliminary study of finger strength}
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
results
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
Discussion
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
Recommendations
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
Conclusion
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
Future work
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
limitlimitss
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
||||
%----------Sperrvermerk/Confidentiality clause------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\addsec{Sperrvermerk/Confidentiality clause}
|
||||
|
||||
Optional.\\
|
||||
|
||||
Ingolstadt, \rule{0.3\textwidth}{0.4pt} \\
|
||||
\textcolor{white}{.}\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad \small (Date) \\ [1.3cm]
|
||||
|
||||
(Signature) \\
|
||||
Firstname Lastname
|
||||
|
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
|
||||
%----------Glossar/Glossary-------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
\newacronym{KB}{KB}{Keyboard}
|
||||
\newacronym{EMG}{EMG}{Electromyography}
|
||||
\newacronym{CTS}{CTS}{Carpal Tunnel Syndrome}
|
||||
\newacronym{RSI}{RSI}{Repetitive Strain Injury}
|
||||
\newacronym{FRE}{FRE}{Flesch Reading Ease Score}
|
||||
\newacronym{VAS}{VAS}{Visual Analog Scale}
|
||||
% Mulcles alive p. 189
|
||||
% Atlas of Human Anatomy p. 433
|
||||
\newacronym{FDS}{FDS}{flexor digitorum superficialis}
|
||||
\newacronym{FDP}{FDP}{flexor digitorum profundus}
|
||||
\newacronym{ED}{ED}{extensor digitorum}
|
||||
\newacronym{PBT}{PBT}{polybutylene terephthalate}
|
||||
\newacronym{ABS}{ABS}{acrylonitrile butadiene styrene}
|
||||
\newacronym{WRUED}{WRUED}{work related upper extremity disorders}
|
||||
\newacronym{PCB}{PCB}{printed circuit board}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\newglossaryentry{cN}{
|
||||
name={cN},
|
||||
description={Centinewton: 1 cN $ \approx $ 1.02 g}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\newglossaryentry{g}{
|
||||
name={g},
|
||||
description={Gram: 1 g $ \approx $ 0.97 cN}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\newglossaryentry{gf}{
|
||||
name={gf},
|
||||
description={Gram-force: 1 gf = 1 g}
|
||||
}
|
||||
\newglossaryentry{QWERTZ}{
|
||||
name={QWERTZ},
|
||||
description={Keyboard layout commonly used in Germany}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
\newglossaryentry{bottoming}{
|
||||
name={bottoming out},
|
||||
description={Describes the scenario when the typist does not release the key before impact with the bottom of the keyswitch is made}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
\newglossaryentry{Topre}{
|
||||
name={Topre},
|
||||
description={Topre switches are keyswitches produced by the Japanese company Topre Corporation
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 55 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 63 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 303 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 58 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 298 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 92 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 184 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 182 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 156 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 18 KiB |
|
After Width: | Height: | Size: 111 KiB |
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
% %----------Bachlor Thesis Proposal-----------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
% \input{chap0/sec1} % 1. Einleitung/Introduction and problem statement
|
||||
% \newpage
|
||||
|
||||
%----------Hauptteil/Main part of the thesis-----------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
% \thispagestyle{myPageStyle}
|
||||
\input{chap1/introduction} % 1. Einleitung/Introduction and problem statement
|
||||
% \input{chap1/problem_statement} % 1. Einleitung/Introduction and problem statement
|
||||
\newpage
|
||||
|
||||
% \thispagestyle{myPageStyle}
|
||||
\input{chap2/literature_review} % 2. Literaturanalyse/Related work analysis
|
||||
\newpage
|
||||
|
||||
%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle}
|
||||
\input{chap3/implementation} % 3. Implementation, Technical Setting, Prototype
|
||||
\newpage
|
||||
|
||||
%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle}
|
||||
\input{chap4/methodology}
|
||||
\newpage
|
||||
|
||||
%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle}
|
||||
\input{chap5/results}
|
||||
\newpage
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle}
|
||||
\input{chap6/discussion}
|
||||
\input{chap6/recommendations} % 8. Discussion, Deriving concrete action recommendations
|
||||
\newpage
|
||||
|
||||
%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle}
|
||||
\input{chap7/conclusion}
|
||||
\input{chap7/future_work}
|
||||
\input{chap7/limitations}
|
||||
\newpage
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
% Kapitel 7 - Ausblick
|
||||
|
||||
%\newgeometry{textheight=\paperheight, textwidth=\paperwidth}
|
||||
%\begin{titlepage}
|
||||
% %----THI-Bertrandt-logo--------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
% \begin{figure}[h!]
|
||||
% \centering
|
||||
% \includegraphics[width={\textwidth}]{titeltrenner/t7}
|
||||
% \end{figure}
|
||||
% %------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%\end{titlepage}
|
||||
%\restoregeometry
|
||||
%%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\section{Ausblick}
|
||||
|
||||
\subsection{Einschränkungen}
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
||||
import seaborn as sns
|
||||
import matplotlib.pyplot as mp
|
||||
from pandas import read_csv
|
||||
|
||||
sns.set_theme(style="white", color_codes=True)
|
||||
sns.set_palette("colorblind")
|
||||
|
||||
switches = read_csv("../data/keyswitches_brands.csv")
|
||||
|
||||
axis = sns.countplot(data=switches, x="actuation_force")
|
||||
axis.set(ylabel="Number of available Keyswitches", xlabel="Actuation force ± 2 g")
|
||||
mp.savefig("../images/keyswitches_brands.png")
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%----Präambel/Preamble---------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
\documentclass[a4paper,
|
||||
11pt,
|
||||
DIV=11,
|
||||
headings=big,
|
||||
index=totoc,
|
||||
listof=totoc,
|
||||
bibliography=totoc,
|
||||
parskip=half,
|
||||
cleardoublepage=empty,
|
||||
oneside,
|
||||
openright]{scrartcl}
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage[UKenglish]{babel}
|
||||
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
|
||||
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
|
||||
|
||||
% verbesserter Randausgleich
|
||||
\usepackage{microtype}
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage{graphicx}
|
||||
\usepackage{float}
|
||||
\usepackage{wrapfig}
|
||||
\usepackage{subfigure}
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage{geometry} % Für newgeometry in Titelseite
|
||||
\geometry{a4paper,left=30mm,right=20mm}
|
||||
|
||||
% Hyperref loads url internally therefore we pass the option hyphens to url without loading it manually
|
||||
\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
|
||||
\usepackage[pdfborder={0 0 0},
|
||||
colorlinks=true,
|
||||
linkcolor=black,
|
||||
citecolor=red,
|
||||
]{hyperref}
|
||||
|
||||
% Citation
|
||||
\usepackage[style=numeric, natbib=true]{biblatex}
|
||||
\addbibresource{ref_shelf.bib}
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage{pdfpages}
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage{xcolor}
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage{setspace}
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage{longtable}
|
||||
\usepackage{multirow}
|
||||
\usepackage{colortbl}
|
||||
|
||||
\usepackage{mathtools}
|
||||
|
||||
%----Kopfzeile-----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
\usepackage{scrlayer-scrpage} % Aufruf KOMA-Skript für Kopfzeilen
|
||||
%----Separator Header/Footer---------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
\KOMAoptions{headsepline=true, footsepline=true}
|
||||
|
||||
\pagestyle{scrheadings} % Definition der Eigenen Headerformatierung
|
||||
\clearscrheadfoot % alle Standard-Werte und Formatierungen raus
|
||||
% \automark[chapter]{section} % Kapitel und Section als Inhalt der Variablen leftmark und rightmark
|
||||
\ohead{\pagemark} % Seitenzahl auf äußerem Rand
|
||||
% \ihead{\Ifthispageodd{\leftmark}{\rightmark}} % Innere Überschrift mit Kapitel bei linker Seite und Section bei rechter Seite -> geht nur in Verbindung mit
|
||||
% zweiseitigem Text wirklich sinnvoll
|
||||
\setkomafont{pagehead}{\scshape} % Schriftart in Kopfzeile, \scshape = Kapitelchen
|
||||
%----Fußzeile------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
\setkomafont{pagefoot}{\scshape} % Schriftart in Fußfzeile, \scshape = Kapitelchen
|
||||
\ifoot{\footnotesize{Philip Gaber}}
|
||||
\ofoot{\footnotesize{Bachelor Thesis}}
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%----Farbdefinition--THI-Blau--------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
\definecolor{thi_blue}{RGB}{2,91,156}
|
||||
\addtokomafont{section}{\color{thi_blue} \rmfamily \scshape}
|
||||
\addtokomafont{subsection}{\color{thi_blue} \rmfamily}
|
||||
\addtokomafont{subsubsection}{\color{thi_blue} \rmfamily}
|
||||
\addtokomafont{paragraph}{\color{thi_blue} \rmfamily}
|
||||
\addtokomafont{subparagraph}{\rmfamily}
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
\definecolor{tab_2}{RGB}{230,230,230}
|
||||
\definecolor{tab_1}{RGB}{85,128,214}
|
||||
|
||||
%------Längenanpassung---------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
\setlength{\headsep}{10mm} % Textabstand zur Kopfzeile
|
||||
\setlength{\footskip}{15mm} % Abstand zur Fußzeile
|
||||
\setlength{\textheight}{235mm} % Texthöhe
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%----Glossar-------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
\usepackage[toc,acronym,nonumberlist,nogroupskip]{glossaries}
|
||||
\makeglossaries
|
||||
\include{glossary}
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
% \includeonly{
|
||||
% glossary,
|
||||
% mainpart,
|
||||
% %fazit,
|
||||
% appendices
|
||||
% }
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%----------------DOKUMENT-BEGINN-----------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{document}
|
||||
|
||||
%----Vermeidung von Hurenkindern und Schusterjungen---------------------
|
||||
\widowpenalty=10000
|
||||
\clubpenalty=10000
|
||||
\displaywidowpenalty=10000
|
||||
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
%Titelseite/title page
|
||||
\include{titlepage} % include erzeugt immer eine neue Seite bei jedem Einbinden
|
||||
\cleardoublepage % include always creates a new page
|
||||
|
||||
\pagenumbering{Roman} % Römische Nummerierung der Kapitel/roman page numbering
|
||||
|
||||
%Erklärung
|
||||
\include{affidavit}
|
||||
\cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
%Danksagung
|
||||
\include{acknowledgments}
|
||||
\cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
%Kurfassung/Abstract German (only for thesis written in German)
|
||||
% \include{abstractDE}
|
||||
% \cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
%Kurzfassung/Abstract Englisch (for every thesis)
|
||||
\include{abstractEN}
|
||||
\cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
%Sperrvermerk/Confidentiality clause (if any)
|
||||
% \include{confidentialityClause}
|
||||
% \cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
% Inhaltsverzeichnis
|
||||
\renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of contents} % Remove for German thesis
|
||||
\tableofcontents
|
||||
\cleardoublepage
|
||||
\singlespacing
|
||||
|
||||
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%------Ausarbeitung--------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
% Arabische Nummerierung der Kapitel/Arabic page numbering
|
||||
\pagenumbering{arabic}
|
||||
\include{mainpart}
|
||||
|
||||
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%-----Anhang---------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
\pagenumbering{Roman} % Römische Nummerierung der Kapitel/Roman page numbering
|
||||
\setcounter{page}{1} % Beginn bei Seitenzahl X (hier: 6) um bei oberer Nummerierung aufzuschließen/Adapt page numbering
|
||||
|
||||
%Glossar/Glossary
|
||||
\glssetwidest{A D A S} % gleicher Abstand zur 2. Spalte (längstes Wort)
|
||||
% \setglossarystyle{alttree}
|
||||
% \glsaddall
|
||||
\printglossaries
|
||||
\cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
%Abbildungsverzeichnis/List of figures
|
||||
\renewcommand*\listfigurename{List of figures} % Remove for German thesis
|
||||
\listoffigures
|
||||
\cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
%Tabellenverzeichnis/List of tables
|
||||
\renewcommand*\listtablename{List of tables} % Remove for German thesis
|
||||
\listoftables
|
||||
\cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
%Literaturliste/Literature references
|
||||
% \bibliographystyle{abbrvdin} % DIN-Norm für Literaturdarstellung plaindin
|
||||
\renewcommand{\refname}{Literature references} % Remove for German thesis
|
||||
\printbibliography
|
||||
\cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
%Anhänge/Appendices
|
||||
\include{appendices}
|
||||
\cleardoublepage
|
||||
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
%----------------DOKUMENTENENDE - END OF DOCUMENT------------------------------------
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
\end{document}
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
%----------Titelseite-------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
\newgeometry{textheight=0.9\paperheight, textwidth=0.76\paperwidth, left=30mm, right=20mm}
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{titlepage}
|
||||
%----THI-Bertrandt-logo--------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
\begin{figure}[!h]
|
||||
\centering
|
||||
\includegraphics[width={0.4\textwidth}]{images/thiRGB.jpg}
|
||||
\end{figure}
|
||||
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\hrulefill
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{center}
|
||||
\vspace{1cm}
|
||||
|
||||
\huge\textbf{
|
||||
Bachelor's thesis}\\[2.5em]
|
||||
\normalsize
|
||||
Bachelor's course Computer Science, B. Sc.\\
|
||||
Faculty of Computer Science\\ [7em]
|
||||
|
||||
\Large\textbf{
|
||||
Impact of adjusted, per key, actuation force on efficiency and satisfaction while using mechanical keyboards} \\
|
||||
\end{center}
|
||||
|
||||
\vfill
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
\begin{tabular}{ll}
|
||||
Name and Surname: & \textbf{Philip Gaber} \\ [3em]
|
||||
|
||||
Issued on: & 08.04.2021 \\ [1em] % issuing date
|
||||
Submitted on: & xx.yy.zzzz \\ [3em] %date of hand in
|
||||
|
||||
First examiner: & Prof. Priv.-Doz. Dr. techn. Andreas Riener\\ [1em]
|
||||
Second examiner: & Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Franz Regensburger\\[3em]
|
||||
\end{tabular}
|
||||
|
||||
\end{titlepage}
|
||||
|
||||
\restoregeometry
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in new issue