commit c6edd109e6d38735cf64660d107b9fdb18fcd973 Author: phga Date: Thu Jul 1 19:56:29 2021 +0200 Init: May the holy spaghetti monster enlighten me diff --git a/.dir-locals.el b/.dir-locals.el new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4efd61e --- /dev/null +++ b/.dir-locals.el @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +((nil . ((TeX-master . "/home/phga/sync/docs/study/BA/thesis/thesis.tex")))) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fbe0b73 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitignore @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +auto/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/abstractDE.tex b/abstractDE.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1e31ab5 --- /dev/null +++ b/abstractDE.tex @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +%----------Kurzfassung DEUTSCH---------------------------------------------------------------- + +\addsec{Kurzfassung} +Deutschsprachige Kurzfassung... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/abstractEN.tex b/abstractEN.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0dc7d03 --- /dev/null +++ b/abstractEN.tex @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +%----------Zusammenfassung Englisch/Abstract---------------------------------------------------------------- +\addsec{Abstract} + +Here goes the abstract (English language)... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/acknowledgments.tex b/acknowledgments.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f803ec8 --- /dev/null +++ b/acknowledgments.tex @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +%----------Danksagung/Acknowledgments-------------------------------------------------------------- +\addsec{Acknowledgments} + +Helo diff --git a/affidavit.tex b/affidavit.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed700ca --- /dev/null +++ b/affidavit.tex @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +%----------Eidesstattliche Erklärung/Affidavit---------------------------------------- + +\addsec{Affidavit} + +I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work, that I have not +submitted it elsewhere for examination purposes, have not used any sources or +aids other than those indicated, and have marked verbatim and indirect +quotations as such.\\[2em] + +Ingolstadt, \rule{0.3\textwidth}{0.4pt}\\ [1.5cm] + %\textcolor{white}{.}\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad \small (Datum) \\ [1.5cm] + +%(Unterschrift) \\ +(Signature)\\ +Philip Gaber diff --git a/appendices.tex b/appendices.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b74cf30 --- /dev/null +++ b/appendices.tex @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +% ----------Anhang/Appendices-------------------------------------------------------------- + +\appendix +\section{Appendices} + +\subsection{Statista charts} +\label{sec:a1} +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/GER_households_w_computer.png} +\end{figure} +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/ITU_households_w_computer.png} +\end{figure} +\begin{figure}[H] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/erostat_ent_w_comp.png} +\end{figure} + +\subsection{Collection of available actuation forces for different keyswitch manufacturers} +\label{app:keyswitch} + +To gather information about available actuation forces, the product lines of +keyswitches for all well known manufacturers, namely Cherry, Kailh, Gateron, +Matias, Razer and Logitech were collected. Since some of the key actuation +forces listed on the manufacturers or resellers websites were given in \gls{cN} +and most of them in \gls{g} or \gls{gf}, the values were adjusted to gram to +reflect a trend that is within a margin of ± 2 g of accuracy. The results shown +in \textit{Figure \ref{fig:iter}} are used to determine the minimum, maximum and most common +actuation force for broadly available keyswitches. + +\begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/keyswitches_brands.png} + \caption{Available actuation forces for keyswitches of major keyswitch manufacturers} + \label{keys:actuation_force} +\end{figure} + +\clearpage + +\subsection{Go Typing Test - Self programmed typing test platform for this thesis} +\label{app:gott} + +\begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/gott_typing_test.png} + \caption{Go TyingTest (GoTT) - Typing test} + \label{gott:typing_test} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.9\textwidth]{images/gott_contribute_text.png} + \caption{Go TyingTest (GoTT) - Text contribution section} + \label{gott:contribute_text} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=0.64\textwidth]{images/gott_demographics_survey.png} + \caption{Go TyingTest (GoTT) - Demographics survey} + \label{gott:demographics_survey} +\end{figure} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chap0/sec1.tex b/chap0/sec1.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d38b4b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/chap0/sec1.tex @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +% Chapter 0 - Proposal +% Section 1 - Motivation, problem statement and thesis objectives +\section{Bachelor Thesis Proposal - Philip Gaber} +{\huge Impact of adjusted, per key, actuation force on efficiency and satisfaction while using mechanical keyboards} +\subsection{Motivation} +In recent years, computers are used to some extend in almost every industry in +Europe \cite{eurostat_ent_w_comp} and China \cite{iresearch_ent_w_comp}. This +leads to the conclusion, that also other countries must have a high usage of +computers in corporations. Furthermore, according to a statistic published by +\citeauthor{itu_hh_w_comp} in 2019, nearly half of the worldwide households have +access to at least one computer \cite{itu_hh_w_comp}. One of the most used +devices for data input while operating a computer is the keyboard +\parencite[22]{handbook_chi}. Therefore, people who use a computer, either at +home or to fulfill certain tasks at work, are also likely to use a keyboard. An +important part of a keyboard is the keyswitch also called keyboard key or +key. Those keyswitches use, depending on the manufacturer or keyboard type, +different mechanisms to actuate a keypress. More commonly used mechanism to date +are scissor switches, mostly used in laptop keyboards, dome/membrane switches, +often used in low- to mid-priced keyboards, and mechanical switches which are +the main switch type for high-priced and gaming keyboards +\cite{ergopedia_keyswitch}. Depending on the mechanism and type of key used, it +is possible that different force has to be applied to the key to activate +it. Normally, the force required to activate a key is identical for each key +across the keyboard. However, previous research has shown, that there is a +disparity in force generated by different fingers +\cite{bretz_finger_force}. This raises the question, why there are no keyboards +for personal or work related use cases with adjusted actuation forces per finger +or even customizable keyboards, where an individual can select the actuation +force for each keyswitch individually. + +\subsection{Proposed Objective, Research Question and Hypothesis} + +% This thesis is intended to provide an overview of already conducted research in +% the domain of keyboards, especially in connection with actuation force and the +% impact of different keyswitches on keyboard users. + +% Because there is no previous research in the particular field of per finger/key +% actuation force for (mechanical) keyboards and the impact of such customization +% on efficiency and comfort, this thesis is also intended to research if this is a +% viable option in comparison to the classic keyboard with uniform actuation +% force. Therefore the author proposes to answer the question: + +This thesis is intended to research if a keyboard with zones of keys, which have +adjusted actuation force depending on the assigned finger for that zone and the +position on the keyboard, is a viable option compared to the standard keyboard +with uniform actuation force across all keyswitches. + +\begin{tabular}{p{0.3cm} p{0.5cm} p{13cm} p{0.5cm}} + & \textbf{\large RQ} & {\Large Does an adjusted actuation force per key have a positive impact on efficiency and overall satisfaction while using a mechanical keyboard?} & \\ +\end{tabular} +\vspace{1em} + +% TODO: Dissatisfied statt comfort da hohe error rate und dadurch frustriert +% TODO: Bei hypothesen noch error rate bei geschwindigkeit mit einbeziehen +% ASK: Doch noch comfort mit einbeziehen? +\begin{longtable}{p{0.3cm} p{0.5cm} p{13cm} p{0.5cm}} + & \textbf{H1} & Lower key actuation force improves typing speed over higher key actuation force (efficiency - speed). & \\ + & & & \\ + & \textbf{H2} & Higher key actuation force decreases typing errors compared to lower key actuation force (efficiency - error rate). & \\ + & & & \\ + & \textbf{H3} & Keys with lower actuation force are perceived as more satisfactory to write with than keys with higher actuation force. & \\ + & & & \\ + & \textbf{H4} & Users perform better and feel more satisfied while using Keyboards with adjusted key actuation force than without the adjustment. & \\ +\end{longtable} + + +\section{Proposed Method} + +\subsection{Subjects} + +It is planned to recruit 20 participants in total. Main target group to recruit +participants for the research study from are personal contacts and fellow +students. Participants are required to type with more than just one finger per +hand. Thus, touch typing is not a mandatory but helpful skill to +participate. The age distribution for the subjects is estimated to be between 18 +and 56 years. The average typing speed should be known prior to the main +experiment. Therefore, a typing speed test should be performed on the subject's +own keyboard in beginning of the experiment. This typing test has to be +performed within the standardized test environment consisting of an adjustable +chair, desk, monitor and the typing test software used within the main +experiment. Also, all subjects have to give their written consent to +participate in the study. + +\subsection{Study design} + +Participants must complete several typing tests using four different keyboards. + +The experiment should consist of a experimental group and a control group. The +control group will perform all typing tests with the same keyboard. The text +used for the typing test should be easily understandable. Therefore, the text +has to be evaluated with the help of a \gls{FRE} \cite{flesch_fre} +adjusted for German language \cite{immel_fre}. + +\begin{equation}\label{fre_german} + FRE_{deutsch} = 180 - \underbrace{ASL}_{\mathclap{\text{Average Sentence Length}}} - (58,5 * \overbrace{ASW}^{\mathclap{\text{Average Syllables per Word}}}) +\end{equation} + +The adjusted formula (\ref{fre_german}) to estimate the understandability of the +texts used in this experiment usually yields a number in the range of +\([0;100]\) called the \gls{FRE}. Higher \gls{FRE}s refer to better +understandability and thus the texts used in this experiment all have to fulfill +the requirement of a \gls{FRE} \(> 70\), which represents a fairly easy text +\cite{immel_fre} and \cite{flesch_fre}. + +One typing test will consist of several smaller, randomly chosen, texts +snippets. The length of the snippets has to be between 100 and 400 characters +and a snippet has to meet the \gls{FRE} requirement. The snippets are generated by +volunteers via the web interface of the platform used in this experiment which +can be seen in appendix \ref{app:gott}. + +% ASK: Should there be a control group at all, if so should they use their own keyboard or always the same random keyboard while they think they are testing different keyswitches? +After each typing test, the participant has to fill out an adjusted CEN ISO/TS +9241-411:2014 keyboard comfort questionnaire \cite{iso9241-411}. One additional +question was added to this questionnaire: ``How satisfied have you been with +this keyboard?'' The answer for this question can be selected with the help of a +\gls{VAS} ranging from 0 to 100 \cite{lewis_vas}. + +\textbf{Planned experiment procedure: (Total time requirement: 120 min)} + +\begin{enumerate} + \item Pre-Test questionnaire to gather demographic and other relevant + information e.g., touch typist, average \gls{KB} usage per day, predominantly + used keyboard type, previous medical conditions affecting the result of the + study e.g., \gls{RSI}, \gls{CTS}, etc. The full questionnaire can be observed + in the appendix \ref{app:gott}. (5 min) + + \item Adjustment of the test environment (Chair height, monitor height, etc.) (2 min) + \item Prepare subject for \gls{EMG} measurements: Electrodes are placed on the + \gls{FDS}/\gls{FDP} and \gls{ED} of both forearms. The main function of the + \gls{FDS} and \gls{FDP} is the flexion of the medial four digits, while the + \gls{ED} mainly extends the medial four digits. Therefore, these muscles are + primarily involved in the finger movements required for typing on a keyboard + \cite{netter_anatomy}. (8 min) + \item Familiarization with the typing test and keyboard model used in the experiment. All participants use the same keyboard with 50g actuation force for this step. (5 min) + \item Initial typing test with own keyboard. (5 min) \\ + Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\ + Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min) + % SUBTOTAL: 30 min + + \item \textbf{Main Test (H1-H4):} In this part the subject has to + take two, 5 minute, typing tests per keyboard, with a total of 4 + keyboards (\gls{KB} A, \gls{KB} B, \gls{KB} C, \gls{KB} D). After each + typing test, the subject has to fill out the post typing test keyboard + comfort questionnaire. Keyboards A, B and C are equipped with one set of + keyswitches and therefore each of the keyboards provides one of the + following, uniform, actuation forces across all keyswitches: 35 \gls{g}, + 50 \gls{g} or 80 \gls{g}. These specific values are the results of a + self conducted comparison between the product lines of most major + keyswitch manufacturers. The results shown in appendix + \ref{app:keyswitch} yield, that the lowest broadly available force for + keyswitches is 35 \gls{g}, the highest broadly available force is 80 + \gls{g}, and the most common offered force is 50 \gls{g}. Keyboard D is + equipped with different zones of keyswitches that use appropriate + actuation forces according to finger strength differences and key + position. The keyboards used in this experiment are visually identical, + ISO/IEC 9995-1 conform \cite{iso9995-1} and provide a \gls{QWERTZ} + layout to resemble the subjects day-to-day layout and keyboard format as + close as possible. All keyboards are equipped with linear mechanical + keyswitches from one manufacturer to minimize differences in haptic and + sound while typing. To mitigate order effects, the order of the + keyboards is counterbalanced with the help of the latin square method + and the text snippets for the individual tests are randomized + \cite{statist_counterbalancing}. \textbf{(total: 80 min)} + + \begin{enumerate} + \item \textbf{\gls{KB} A, Part 1:} Typing test. (5min) \\ + Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\ + Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min) + \item \textbf{\gls{KB} A, Part 2:} Typing test. (5min) \\ + Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\ + Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min) + \item \textbf{\gls{KB} C, Part 1:} Typing test. (5min) \\ + Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\ + Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min) + \item \textbf{\gls{KB} C, Part 2:} Typing test. (5min) \\ + Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\ + Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min) + \item \textbf{\gls{KB} B, Part 1:} Typing test. (5min) \\ + Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\ + Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min) + \item \textbf{\gls{KB} B, Part 2:} Typing test. (5min) \\ + Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\ + Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min) + \item \textbf{\gls{KB} D, Part 1:} Typing test. (5min) \\ + Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\ + Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min) + \item \textbf{\gls{KB} D, Part 2:} Typing test. (5min) \\ + Adjusted follow-up ISO keyboard comfort questionnaire. (2 min) \\ + Pause with light stretching exercises. (3 min) + \end{enumerate} + + \item Post-Test semi-structured interview: The participant has to draw three + different UX curves \cite{kujala_ux_curve} to evaluate how fatigue, + performance and overall usability of the individual keyboards were perceived + during the experiment. While drawing the UX curve, participants should + describe their thought process. To reduce errors in the later evaluation of + the UX curves, the entire interview is recorded. (10 min) + +\end{enumerate} + +The \gls{EMG} data for all muscles is captured using the Flexvolt Chrome app and Flexvolt 8-Channel +biosensor device in combination with TIGA-MED ECD-Electrodes. The captured data is then processed and +plotted using Python. Hardware and plots can be observed in Figure \ref{fig:emg_setup}. + +\begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{images/emg_setup.jpg} + \caption{Flexvolt 8-Channel Biosensor and example plots of \gls{EMG} data} + \label{fig:emg_setup} +\end{figure} + +This test scenario is inspired by the tests conducted in \cite{kim_typingforces}. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chap1/introduction.tex b/chap1/introduction.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed8be1d --- /dev/null +++ b/chap1/introduction.tex @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +\subsection{Motivation} +In recent years, computers are used to some extend in almost every industry in +Europe \cite{eurostat_ent_w_comp} and China \cite{iresearch_ent_w_comp}. This +leads to the conclusion, that also other countries must have a high usage of +computers in corporations. Furthermore, according to a statistic published by +\citeauthor{itu_hh_w_comp} in 2019, nearly half of the worldwide households have +access to at least one computer \cite{itu_hh_w_comp}. One of the most used +devices for data input while operating a computer is the keyboard +\parencite[22]{handbook_chi}. Therefore, people who use a computer, either at +home or to fulfill certain tasks at work, are also likely to use a keyboard. An +important part of a keyboard is the keyswitch also called keyboard key or +key. Those keyswitches use, depending on the manufacturer or keyboard type, +different mechanisms to actuate a keypress. More commonly used mechanism to date +are scissor switches, mostly used in laptop keyboards, rubber dome and membrane switches, +often used in low- to mid-priced keyboards, and mechanical switches which are +the main switch type for high-end and gaming keyboards +\cite{ergopedia_keyswitch}. Depending on the mechanism and type of key used, it +is possible that different force has to be applied to the key to activate +it. Normally, the force required to activate a key is identical for each key +across the keyboard. However, previous research has shown, that there is a +disparity in force generated by different fingers +\cite{bretz_finger_force}. This raises the question, why there are no keyboards +for personal or work related use cases with adjusted actuation forces per finger +or even customizable keyboards, where an individual can select the actuation +force for each keyswitch individually. + +In recent decades, computers and other electronic devices have become an +indispensable part of everyday life. Computers are used in almost every industry +\cite{iresearch_ent_w_comp, eurostat_ent_w_comp} and almost half of the +worldwide households have access to at least one computer \cite{itu_hh_w_comp}. +Even 153 years after the first typewriter was patented \cite{noyes_qwerty, } +people still use keyboards as their main way to input data into a computer +\parencite[22]{handbook_chi}, \cite{broel_dektop_or_smartphone}. A potential +problem while interacting with a computer through the usage of a keyboard are +rapid movements of the fingers over a prolonged time. + +Input tasks are not only restricted to pure data entry but also include complex +inputs required by games. + + +Prolonged usage of computers can lead to serious diseases + + + +With the rising popularity of smartphones and other touchscreen devices +\cite{gs_statcounter_dmt_2020} which utilize virtual keyboards to fulfill a +variety of tasks that also include data entry, e.g., writing text messages, +short emails, communicating on social media or web browsing diff --git a/chap2/literature_review.tex b/chap2/literature_review.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..641a9ea --- /dev/null +++ b/chap2/literature_review.tex @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +\section{Literature Review} +To better understand which metrics and methods are meaningful in the domain of keyboards and especially when + +To investigate whether or not solely the actuation force of individual keys can make a difference in terms of efficiency or satisfaction an .... +\subsection{Keyboards and key switches} + +Keyboards are well known input devices used to operate a computer. There are a +variety of keyboard types and models available on the market, some of which can +be seen in Figure \ref{fig:keyboard_models}. The obvious difference between +those keyboards in Figure \ref{fig:keyboard_models} is their general +appearance. What we see is mainly the general shape of the enclosure and the +keycaps, which are the rectangular pieces of plastic on top of the actual +keyswitches which indicate which letter, number or symbol, also known as +characters, a keypress should send to the computer. These keycaps are mainly +made out of the two plastics \gls{ABS} and \gls{PBT} which mainly differ in +feel, durability, cost and sound \parencite[8]{bassett_keycap}. Nowadays, there +are three main standards for the physical layout of keyboards namely ISO/IEC +9995 \cite{iso9995-2}, ANSI-INCITS 154-1988 \cite{ansi-incits-154-1988} and JIS +X 6002-1980 \cite{jis-x-6002-1980}, that propose slightly different arrangements +of the keys and some even alter the shape of a few keys. Figure +TODO\ref{fig:keyboard_ISO_ANSI_JSP} shows the layouts defined by the three +standards mentioned and shows the main differences. In addition to the physical +layout, there are also various layouts concerning the mapping of the physical +key to a character that is displayed by the computer. Most of the time, the +mapping happens on the computer via software and therefore the choice of layout +is not necessarily restricted by the physical layout of the keyboard but rather +a personal preference. As seen in Figure TODO \ref{fig:keyboard_models}, there +are also non standard physical layouts available which are often designed to +improve the posture of the upper extremity while typing to reduce the risk of +injury or even assist in recovering from previous \gls{WRUED} +\cite{ripat_ergo}. Those designs often split the keyboard in two halves to +reduce ulnar deviation and some designs also allow tenting of the halves or +provide a fixed tent which also reduces forearm pronation \cite{baker_ergo, + rempel_ergo}. Besides the exterior design of the keyboard, there is another +part of interest—the keyswitch. This component of a keyboard actually sends the +signal that a key is pressed down. There are different types of keyswitches +available to date. The more commonly available ones are scissor switches and +rubber dome switches which are both subsets of the membrane switches. Scissor +switches are often found in keyboards that are integrated into notebooks while +rubber dome switches are mostly used in workplace keyboards. Both variants use a +rubber membrane with small domes underneath each key. When a key is pressed, the +corresponding dome collapses and because the dome's inner wall is coated with a +conductive material, closes an electrical circuit \cite{ergopedia_keyswitch, + peery_3d_keyswitch}. Another type of switches are mechanical +keyswitches. These switches are frequently used in gaming and high quality +workplace keyboards as well as by enthusiast along with prosumers which build +and then sell custom made keyboards to the latter audience \cite{bassett_keycap, + ergopedia_keyswitch}. These keyswitches are composed of several mechanical +parts which can be examined in Figure TODO\ref{fig:mech_keyswitch_dissas}. The +housing is made up of two parts, the bottom and top shell. The actual mechanism +consists of two conductive plates, which when connected trigger a keypress, a +stainless steel spring which defines how much force has to be applied to the +switch to activate it and a stem which sits on top of the spring and separates +the two plates. When pressure is applied to the keycap, which is connected to +the stem, the spring gets contracted and the stem moves downwards and thereby +stops separating the two plates which closes the electrical circuit and sends a +keypress to the computer. After the key is released, the spring pushes the stem +back to its original position \cite{bassett_keycap, peery_3d_keyswitch, + ergopedia_keyswitch, chen_mech_switch}. Usually, mechanical keyswitches are +directly soldered onto the \gls{PCB} of the keyboard but there are also +keyboards where the \gls{PCB} features special sockets where the keyswitches can +be hot-swapped without soldering at all \cite{gmmk_hot_swap}. It is also +possible to equip an already existing \gls{PCB} with sockets to make it +hot-swappable \cite{te_connect}. + +Mechanical keyswitches also have three main subcategories. Those categories +primarily define if and how feedback for a keypress is realised: +\begin{enumerate} + \item \textbf{Tactile Switches} utilize a small bump on the stem to slightly + increase the force required immediately before and a collapse of force right + after the actual actuation happens. This provides the typist with a short + noticeable haptic feedback and which should encourage a premature release of + the key. An early study by Brunner and Richardson suggested, that this + feedback leads to faster typing speeds and a lower error rate in both + experienced and casual typists (n=24) \cite{brunner_keyswitch}. Contrary, a + study by Akagi yielded no significant differences in terms of speed and error + rate between tactile and linear keyswitches and links the variation found in + error rates to differences in actuation force (n=24) + \cite{akagi_keyswitch}. Tactile feedback could still assist the typist to + prevent \gls{bottoming}. + \item \textbf{Tactile and audible Switches (Clicky)} separate the stem into + two parts, the lower part also features a small bump to provide tactile + feedback and is also responsible for a distinct click sound when the actuation + happens. Gerard et al. noted, that in their study (n=24), keyboards with + audible feedback increased typing speed and decreased typing force. This + improvement could have been due to the previous experience of participants + with keyboards of similar model and keyswitch characteristic + \cite{gerard_keyswitch}. + \item \textbf{Linear Switches} do not offer a distinct feedback for the + typist. The activation of the keyswitch just happens after approximately half + the total travel distance. The only tactile feedback that could happen is the + impact of \gls{bottoming}, but with enough practice, typist can develop a + lighter touch which reduces overall typing force and therefore reduces the + risk of \gls{WRUED} \cite{gerard_keyswitch, peery_3d_keyswitch, fagarasanu_force_training}. + +\end{enumerate} +The corresponding force-displacement curves for one exemplary keyswitch of each +category are shown in Figure TODO\ref{fig:ks_fd_curves}. + +All types of keyswitches mentioned so far are available in a myriad of actuation +forces. Actuation force, also sometimes referred to as make force, is the force +required to activate the keyswitch \cite{radwin_keyswitch, + ergopedia_keyswitch}. That means depending on the mechanism used, activation +describes the closing of an electrical circuit which then forwards a signal, +that is then processed by a controller inside of the keyboard and then forwarded +to the computer. The computer then registers the character depending on the +layout used by the user. Previous studies have shown, that actuation force has +an impact on error rate, subjective discomfort, muscle activity and force +applied by the typist \cite{akagi_keyswitch, gerard_keyswitch, + hoffmann_typeright} and as suggested by Loricchio, has a moderate impact on +typing speed, which could be more significant with greater variation of +actuation force across tested keyboards \cite{loricchio_force_speed}. + + +\subsubsection{Relevance for this thesis} +Since this thesis is focused around keyboards and especially the relation +between the actuation force of the keyswitch and efficiency (speed, error rate) +and also the differences in satisfaction while using keyswitches with varying +actuation forces, it was important to evaluate different options of keyswitches +that could be used to equip the keyboards used in the experiment. The literature +suggested, that the most common switch types used in the broader population are +rubber dome and scissor switches \cite{ergopedia_keyswitch, + peery_3d_keyswitch}. Naturally, those keyswitches should also be used in the +study, but one major problem due to the design of those keyswitches arises. It +is not easily possible to alter the actuation force of individual keyswitches +\cite{peery_3d_keyswitch}. This will be necessary to create a keyboard where +each key should have an adjusted actuation force depending on the finger that +normally operates it. It should be mentioned, that it is theoretically possible +to exchange individual rubber dome switches on some keyboards, e.g. keyboards +with \gls{Topre} switches, but the lacking availability of compatible keyboards +and especially the limited selection of actuation forces (30g to 55g for +\gls{Topre} \cite{realforce_topre}) makes this not a viable option for this +thesis \cite{keychatter_topre}. Therefore, we decided to use mechanical +keyswitches for our experiment, because these keyswitches are broadly available +in a variety of actuation forces and because the spring which mainly defines the +actuation force can be easily replaced with any other compatible spring on the +market, the selection of actuation forces is much more appropriate for our use +case (30g to 150g) \cite{peery_3d_keyswitch}. We also decided to use linear +switches because they closest resemble the feedback of the more wide spread +rubber dome switches. Further, linear switches do not introduce additional +factors beside the actuation force to the experiment. In addition, based on the +previous research we settled on using a keyboard model with hot-swapping +capabilities for our experiment to reduce the effort required to equip each +keyboard with the required keyswitches and in case a keyswitch fails during +the experiment, decrease the time required to replace the faulty switch. + +\subsection{Measurement of keyboard related metrics} +A common way to compare different methods concerning alphanumeric input in terms +of efficiency is to use one of many typing test applications which are +commercially available. Depending on the software used and the experimental +setup, users have to input different kinds of text, either for a predefined time +or the time is measured till the whole text is transcribed \cite{chen_typing_test}. + +\subsection{Satisfaction while using a keyboard} +\subsection{Text understandability / FRE} +\subsection{Crowdsourcing / Observer Bias} +\subsection{Keyboard usage} +\subsection{Keyswitch types} +- Rubber dome +- Mechanical switches (Why linear -> rubberdome is not tactile nor has audible feedback) +\subsection{Muscle activity / EMG measurements} +\subsection{Finger strength} +\subsection{Traditional methods} +\subsection{Alternative methodology} +- Available Methods (Impact vs load) +- Load cells \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chap3/implementation.tex b/chap3/implementation.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e61c69 --- /dev/null +++ b/chap3/implementation.tex @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +\section{Typing Test} +\label{sec:label} + +\section{Finger strength measurement device} +\label{sec:label} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chap4/methodology.tex b/chap4/methodology.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5baef46 --- /dev/null +++ b/chap4/methodology.tex @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +\section{Research Approach} +\section{Analysis of available mechanical keyswitches} +- Why have we chosen these switches +\section{Preliminary telephone interview} +\section{Preliminary study of finger strength} diff --git a/chap5/results.tex b/chap5/results.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..872aa27 --- /dev/null +++ b/chap5/results.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +results \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chap6/discussion.tex b/chap6/discussion.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..845add5 --- /dev/null +++ b/chap6/discussion.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Discussion \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chap6/recommendations.tex b/chap6/recommendations.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e660443 --- /dev/null +++ b/chap6/recommendations.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Recommendations \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chap7/conclusion.tex b/chap7/conclusion.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8b023b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/chap7/conclusion.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Conclusion \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chap7/future_work.tex b/chap7/future_work.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99b658f --- /dev/null +++ b/chap7/future_work.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +Future work \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chap7/limitations.tex b/chap7/limitations.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66332a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/chap7/limitations.tex @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +limitlimitss \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/confidentialityClause.tex b/confidentialityClause.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48f7b97 --- /dev/null +++ b/confidentialityClause.tex @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +%----------Sperrvermerk/Confidentiality clause------------------------------------------------------------ + + +\addsec{Sperrvermerk/Confidentiality clause} + +Optional.\\ + +Ingolstadt, \rule{0.3\textwidth}{0.4pt} \\ +\textcolor{white}{.}\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad\quad \small (Date) \\ [1.3cm] + +(Signature) \\ +Firstname Lastname diff --git a/data/keyswitches_brands.csv b/data/keyswitches_brands.csv new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e53c01 --- /dev/null +++ b/data/keyswitches_brands.csv @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +brand,switch_name,actuation_force,type +Cherry,MX (silent) Red,45,Linear +Cherry,MX Speed Silver,45,Linear +Cherry,MX (silent) Back,60,Linear +Cherry,MX Brown,55,Tactile +Cherry,MX Clear,65,Tactile +Cherry,MX Grey,80,Tactile +Cherry,MX Blue,60,Tactile + Audible +Cherry,MX Green,80,Tactile + Audible +Cherry,MX Low Profile Red,45,Linear +Cherry,MX Low Profile Speed,45,Linear +Kailh,BOX CPG1511F01S37,35,Linear +Kailh,BOX CPG1511F01S38,45,Tactile +Kailh,BOX CPG1511F01S02,55,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,BOX CPG1511F01S03,60,Tactile +Kailh,BOX CPG1511F01S04,45,Linear +Kailh,BOX CPG1511F01S05,60,Linear +Kailh,Choc CPG135301D03,55,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,Choc CPG135301D02,50,Tactile +Kailh,Choc CPG135301D01,50,Linear +Kailh,Choc CPG135001D03,60,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,Choc CPG135001D02,60,Tactile +Kailh,Choc CPG135001D01,50,Linear +Kailh,KT CPG151101D222,50,Tactile +Kailh,KT CPG151101D223,60,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KT CPG151101D221,50,Linear +Kailh,KT CPG151101D93,50,Linear +Kailh,KT CPG151101D94,60,Linear +Kailh,KT CPG151101D92,60,Tactile +Kailh,KT CPG151101D91,60,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KT CPG151101D13,50,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KT CPG151101D06,50,Tactile +Kailh,KT CPG151101D05,50,Linear +Kailh,KT CPG151101D01,60,Linear +Kailh,KS CPG151101D211,60,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KS CPG151101D213,50,Tactile +Kailh,KS CPG151101D212,40,Linear +Kailh,KS CPG151101D214,60,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KS CPG151101D215,50,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KS CPG151101D218,70,Linear +Kailh,KS CPG151101D219,70,Linear +Kailh,KS CPG151101D220,70,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KS CPG151101D234,70,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KH CPG128001S03,45,Tactile +Kailh,KH CPG128001S02,45,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KH CPG128001S01,45,Linear +Kailh,KO RGB CPG159301S09,50,Tactile + Audible +Kailh,KO RGB CPG159301S08,50,Tactile +Kailh,KO RGB CPG159301S07,50,Linear +Kailh,Sun CPG1511B01D03,50,Tactile + Audible +Gateron,Clear,35,Linear +Gateron,Red,45,Linear +Gateron,Black,50,Linear +Gateron,Blue,55,Tactile + Audible +Gateron,Green,80,Tactile + Audible +Gateron,Brown,45,Tactile +Gateron,Yellow,50,Linear +Matias,Quiet Linear,35,Linear +Matias,Quiet Click,60,Tactile +Matias,Standard Click,60,Tactile + Audible +Razer,Green,50,Tactile + Audible +Razer,Orange,45,Tactile +Razer,Yellow,45,Linear +Logitech,GL Tactile,50,Tactile +Logitech,GL Linear,50,Linear +Logitech,GL Clicky,50,Tactile + Audible +Logitech,Romer-G Tactile,45,Tactile +Logitech,Romer-G Linear,45,Linear +Logitech,GX Blue,50,Tactile + Audible +Logitech,GX Brown,50,Tactile +Logitech,GX Red,50,Linear diff --git a/glossary.tex b/glossary.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a1c7ada --- /dev/null +++ b/glossary.tex @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ + +%----------Glossar/Glossary------------------------------------------------------------- +\newacronym{KB}{KB}{Keyboard} +\newacronym{EMG}{EMG}{Electromyography} +\newacronym{CTS}{CTS}{Carpal Tunnel Syndrome} +\newacronym{RSI}{RSI}{Repetitive Strain Injury} +\newacronym{FRE}{FRE}{Flesch Reading Ease Score} +\newacronym{VAS}{VAS}{Visual Analog Scale} +% Mulcles alive p. 189 +% Atlas of Human Anatomy p. 433 +\newacronym{FDS}{FDS}{flexor digitorum superficialis} +\newacronym{FDP}{FDP}{flexor digitorum profundus} +\newacronym{ED}{ED}{extensor digitorum} +\newacronym{PBT}{PBT}{polybutylene terephthalate} +\newacronym{ABS}{ABS}{acrylonitrile butadiene styrene} +\newacronym{WRUED}{WRUED}{work related upper extremity disorders} +\newacronym{PCB}{PCB}{printed circuit board} + + +\newglossaryentry{cN}{ +name={cN}, +description={Centinewton: 1 cN $ \approx $ 1.02 g} +} +\newglossaryentry{g}{ +name={g}, +description={Gram: 1 g $ \approx $ 0.97 cN} +} +\newglossaryentry{gf}{ +name={gf}, +description={Gram-force: 1 gf = 1 g} +} +\newglossaryentry{QWERTZ}{ +name={QWERTZ}, +description={Keyboard layout commonly used in Germany} +} + +\newglossaryentry{bottoming}{ +name={bottoming out}, +description={Describes the scenario when the typist does not release the key before impact with the bottom of the keyswitch is made} +} + +\newglossaryentry{Topre}{ +name={Topre}, +description={Topre switches are keyswitches produced by the Japanese company Topre Corporation +} diff --git a/images/GER_households_w_computer.png b/images/GER_households_w_computer.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cfe7029 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/GER_households_w_computer.png differ diff --git a/images/ITU_households_w_computer.png b/images/ITU_households_w_computer.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d4eb62 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/ITU_households_w_computer.png differ diff --git a/images/emg_setup.jpg b/images/emg_setup.jpg new file mode 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100644 index 0000000..85a6c7c Binary files /dev/null and b/images/gott_demographics_survey.png~ differ diff --git a/images/gott_typing_test.png b/images/gott_typing_test.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48334f3 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/gott_typing_test.png differ diff --git a/images/keyswitches_brands.png b/images/keyswitches_brands.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ea7c63e Binary files /dev/null and b/images/keyswitches_brands.png differ diff --git a/images/thiRGB.jpg b/images/thiRGB.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c386001 Binary files /dev/null and b/images/thiRGB.jpg differ diff --git a/mainpart.tex b/mainpart.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..99b4095 --- /dev/null +++ b/mainpart.tex @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +% %----------Bachlor Thesis Proposal----------------------------------------------------------- +% \input{chap0/sec1} % 1. Einleitung/Introduction and problem statement +% \newpage + +%----------Hauptteil/Main part of the thesis----------------------------------------------------------- +% \thispagestyle{myPageStyle} +\input{chap1/introduction} % 1. Einleitung/Introduction and problem statement +% \input{chap1/problem_statement} % 1. Einleitung/Introduction and problem statement +\newpage + +% \thispagestyle{myPageStyle} +\input{chap2/literature_review} % 2. Literaturanalyse/Related work analysis +\newpage + +%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle} +\input{chap3/implementation} % 3. Implementation, Technical Setting, Prototype +\newpage + +%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle} +\input{chap4/methodology} +\newpage + +%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle} +\input{chap5/results} +\newpage + + +%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle} +\input{chap6/discussion} +\input{chap6/recommendations} % 8. Discussion, Deriving concrete action recommendations +\newpage + +%\thispagestyle{myPageStyle} +\input{chap7/conclusion} +\input{chap7/future_work} +\input{chap7/limitations} +\newpage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/outlook.tex b/outlook.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..036270f --- /dev/null +++ b/outlook.tex @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +% Kapitel 7 - Ausblick + +%\newgeometry{textheight=\paperheight, textwidth=\paperwidth} +%\begin{titlepage} +% %----THI-Bertrandt-logo-------------------------------------------------------- +% \begin{figure}[h!] +% \centering +% \includegraphics[width={\textwidth}]{titeltrenner/t7} +% \end{figure} +% %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +%\end{titlepage} +%\restoregeometry +%%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + +\section{Ausblick} + +\subsection{Einschränkungen} + diff --git a/ref_shelf.bib b/ref_shelf.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4f6d8b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/ref_shelf.bib @@ -0,0 +1,468 @@ +% Encoding: UTF-8 + +@incollection{eurostat_ent_w_comp, + title = {Share of enterprises who used computers in the United Kingdom + (UK) and European Union (EU-28 countries) from 2010 to 2015 + [Graph]}, + author = {Eurostat}, + booktitle = {Statista}, + url = + {https://www-statista-com.thi.idm.oclc.org/statistics/275306/share-of-enterprises-who-used-computers-in-the-uk-and-eu-since-2010/}, + year = 2016, + month = {may}, + urldate = {2020-10-12} +} + +@incollection{iresearch_ent_w_comp, + title = {Computer usage rate in enterprises in China from 2011 to 2016 + [Graph]}, + author = {iResearch}, + booktitle = {Statista}, + url = + {https://www-statista-com.thi.idm.oclc.org/statistics/885270/enterprise-computer-usage-rate-in-china/}, + year = 2018, + month = {jul}, + urldate = {2020-10-12} +} + +@incollection{itu_hh_w_comp, + title = {Share of households with a computer at home worldwide from + 2005 to 2019 [Graph]}, + author = {ITU}, + booktitle = {Statista}, + url = + {https://www-statista-com.thi.idm.oclc.org/statistics/748551/worldwide-households-with-computer/}, + year = 2019, + month = {nov}, + urldate = {2020-10-12} +} + +@article{bretz_finger_force, + author = {Bretz, Károly and Jobbágy, Ákos and Bretz, Károly}, + year = 2010, + month = 04, + title = {Force measurement of hand and fingers}, + journal = {Biomechanica Hungarica}, + doi = {10.17489/biohun/2010/1/07} +} + +@online{ergopedia_keyswitch, +author = {Ergopedia}, +title = {Comparing Mechanical, Membrane and Scissor-Switch Membrane Keyboards - Ergonomic Considerations of Keyswitch Type}, +url = {http://www.ergopedia.ca/ergonomic_concepts/Mechanical_Keyswitches_Membrane_Keyswitches_and_Scissor_Switch_Membrane_Keyswitches_Ergonomic_Considerations.html}, +urldate = {2021-06-30} +} + +@online{keychatter_topre, +author = {KeyChatter}, +title = {TOPRE}, +url = {https://www.keychatter.com/topre-switches/}, +urldate = {2021-07-01} +} + +@online{realforce_topre, +author = {Realforce}, +title = {Products - Category}, +url = {https://www.realforce.co.jp/en/products/}, +urldate = {2021-07-01} +} + + + +@article{kim_typingforces, + title = {Differences in typing forces, muscle activity, comfort, and + typing performance among virtual, notebook, and desktop + keyboards}, + journal = {Applied Ergonomics}, + volume = 45, + number = 6, + pages = {1406 - 1413}, + year = 2014, + issn = {0003-6870}, + doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2014.04.001}, + url = + {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000368701400043X}, + author = {Jeong Ho Kim and Lovenoor Aulck and Michael C. Bartha and + Christy A. Harper and Peter W. Johnson} +} + +@online{statist_counterbalancing, +author = {Stephanie Glen}, +title = {Counterbalancing in Research}, +url = {https://www.statisticshowto.com/counterbalancing-2/}, +urldate = {2020-10-12} +} + +@incollection{handbook_chi, + title = {Chapter 1 - Human-Computer Interaction: Background and Issues}, + editor = {Marting G. Helander and Thomas K. Landauer and Prasad + V. Prabhu}, + booktitle = {Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction (Second Edition)}, + publisher = {North-Holland}, + edition = {Second Edition}, + address = {Amsterdam}, + pages = {3 - 31}, + year = 1997, + isbn = {978-0-444-81862-1}, + doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044481862-1.50067-4}, + url = + {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444818621500674}, + author = {Raymond S. Nickerson and Thomas K. Landauer} +} + +@article{iso9995-1, + title = {Information technology — Keyboard layouts for text and office + systems}, + author = {International Organization for Standardization}, + journal = {International Organization for Standardization}, + year = 2018 +} + +@article{iso9241-411, + title = {Ergonomics of human-system interaction – Part 411: Evaluation + methods for the design of physical input devices}, + author = {International Organization for Standardization}, + journal = {International Organization for Standardization}, + pages = 56, + year = 2014 +} + +@article{iso9995-2, + title = {Information technology — Keyboard layouts for text and office + systems — Part 2: Alphanumeric section}, + author = {International Organization for Standardization}, + journal = {International Organization for Standardization}, + year = 2009, + url = {https://www.iso.org/standard/51644.html} +} + +@article{ansi-incits-154-1988, + title = {Office Machines And Supplies, Alphanumeric Machines, Keyboard + Arrangement}, + author = {InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards}, + year = 2009, + url = {https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/INCITS/INCITS1541988S2009} +} + +@article{jis-x-6002-1980, + title = {Keyboard Layout For Information Processing Using The JIS 7 Bit + Coded Character Set (FOREIGN STANDARD)}, + author = {Japanese Industrial Standards [JIS]}, + year = 1980, + url = {https://webstore.ansi.org/Standards/JIS/JIS60021980} +} + +@Inbook{immel_fre, + author = {Immel, Karl-Albrecht}, + title = {Verständlichkeit messen?}, + bookTitle = {Regionalnachrichten im Hörfunk: Verständlich schreiben för + Radiohörer}, + year = 2014, + publisher = {Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden}, + address = {Wiesbaden}, + pages = {17--19}, + isbn = {978-3-658-04893-8}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-04893-8_5}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04893-8_5} +} + +@article{flesch_fre, + title = {A new readability yardstick.}, + author = {Flesch, Rudolph}, + journal = {Journal of Applied Psychology}, + volume = 32, + number = 3, + pages = {221-233}, + year = 1948, + publisher = {American Psychological Association} +} + +@article{kujala_ux_curve, + author = {Kujala, Sari and Roto, Virpi and Väänänen-Vainio-Mattila, + Kaisa and Karapanos, Evangelos and Sinnelä, Arto}, + title = "{UX Curve: A method for evaluating long-term user experience}", + journal = {Interacting with Computers}, + volume = 23, + number = 5, + pages = {473-483}, + year = 2011, + month = 07, + issn = {0953-5438}, + doi = {10.1016/j.intcom.2011.06.005}, + url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2011.06.005}, + eprint = + {https://academic.oup.com/iwc/article-pdf/23/5/473/1878341/iwc23-0473.pdf}, +} + +@article{lewis_vas, + title = {User experience rating scales with 7, 11, or 101 points: does + it matter?}, + author = {Lewis, James R and Erdin{\c{c}}, Oǧuzhan}, + journal = {Journal of Usability Studies}, + volume = 12, + number = 2, + pages = {73--91}, + year = 2017, + publisher = {Usability Professionals' Association Bloomingdale, IL} +} + +@book{netter_anatomy, + title = {Atlas of Human Anatomy, 7th Edition}, + author = {Netter, Frank H.}, + year = 2018, + publisher = {Elsevier Health Sciences} +} + +@InProceedings{broel_dektop_or_smartphone, + author = "Br{\"o}hl, Christina and Rasche, Peter and Jablonski, Janina + and Theis, Sabine and Wille, Matthias and Mertens, Alexander", + editor = "Zhou, Jia and Salvendy, Gavriel", + title = "Desktop PC, Tablet PC, or Smartphone? An Analysis of Use + Preferences in Daily Activities for Different Technology + Generations of a Worldwide Sample", + booktitle = "Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population. Acceptance, + Communication and Participation", + year = 2018, + publisher = "Springer International Publishing", + address = "Cham", + pages = "3--20", + abstract = "Our daily life is characterized by increasing + digitalization. As a result digital technologies are becoming + an integrated part of everyday activities. The most used + devices are desktop PCs or laptops, tablet PCs, and + smartphones, which mainly differ with regard to the screen + size and the method of data entry. Given the growing diffusion + of technological devices, the increasing ownership of multiple + devices, and the resulting different usage patterns between + devices, it is essential to gain insights into which devices + are used for which activities. The aim of this analysis was to + examine a total of 21 activities people engage in on a + day-to-day basis with regard to desktop PC or laptop, tablet + PC, and smartphone usage. When considering user + characteristics with regard to technology, one of the most + influential factors is the user's age. Therefore, the sample + (N{\thinspace}={\thinspace}1923) was analyzed with regard to + four different technology generations. Results show that there + are significant differences in device usage between the + activities under study and between the four analyzed + technology generations.", + isbn = "978-3-319-92034-4" +} + +@article{noyes_qwerty, + title = {QWERTY-the immortal keyboard}, + author = {Noyes, Jan}, + journal = {Computing \& Control Engineering Journal}, + volume = 9, + number = 3, + pages = {117--122}, + year = 1998, + publisher = {IET} +} + +@online{gs_statcounter_dmt_2020, +author = {StatCounter}, +title = {Desktop vs Mobile vs Tablet Market Share Worldwide}, +url = {https://gs.statcounter.com/platform-market-share/desktop-mobile-tablet/worldwide/2020}, +urldate = {2021-06-28} +} + +@article{punnett_vdu, + title = {Visual display unit work and upper extremity musculoskeletal + disorders}, + author = {Punnett, Laura and Bergqvist, Ulf}, + journal = {Stockholm: National Institute for Working Life}, + volume = 997, + year = 1997 +} + +@article{bassett_keycap, + author = {Nathanael Edward Bassett and Jason Edward Archer}, + title = {“Enjoy your feeling”: A media archaeology of material publics}, + journal = {Communication and the Public}, + volume = 2, + number = 3, + pages = {239-252}, + year = 2017, + doi = {10.1177/2057047317722571}, + URL = { https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047317722571 }, + eprint = { https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047317722571 } +, + abstract = { Ubiquitous technology depends upon imposing + standards. Choices in function and form reflect the + homogenization of artifacts, necessitated by the intentions of + experts to satisfy a plurality of users. In material publics, + users with expert knowledge can develop customized artifacts + satisfying desired affordances or aesthetics. This project + involves a media archaeology of computer keyboard design to + explore the relationship between experts, publics, and the + creation of these artifacts. Participation in these + communities and study of enthusiast records result in a + public-expert knowledge. The importance granted to minutia of + design, from the choice of plastics to spring tensioning, + parallels new form factors that reflect highly personalized + choices. These reassert user control over the materiality of + an otherwise ubiquitous and mundane mediating + artifact. Publics then create a new political materiality by + recomposing artifacts beyond what commercial expertise + prescribes. } +} + +@article{ripat_ergo, + title = {Effectiveness of an ergonomic keyboard for typists with work + related upper extremity disorders: A follow-up study}, + author = {Ripat, Jacquie and Giesbrecht, Ed and Quanbury, Arthur and + Kelso, Sarah}, + journal = {Work}, + volume = 37, + number = 3, + pages = {275--283}, + year = 2010, + publisher = {IOS Press} +} + +@article{baker_ergo, + title = {The effect of three alternative keyboard designs on forearm + pronation, wrist extension, and ulnar deviation: a + meta-analysis}, + author = {Baker, Nancy A and Cidboy, Erin L}, + journal = {American Journal of Occupational Therapy}, + volume = 60, + number = 1, + pages = {40--49}, + year = 2006, + publisher = {American Occupational Therapy Association} +} + +@article{rempel_ergo, + title = {The effect of six keyboard designs on wrist and forearm + postures}, + author = {Rempel, David and Barr, Alan and Brafman, David and Young, Ed}, + journal = {Applied ergonomics}, + volume = 38, + number = 3, + pages = {293--298}, + year = 2007, + publisher = {Elsevier} +} + +@article{peery_3d_keyswitch, +title = {3D Printed Composite Keyboard Switches}, +journal = {Procedia Manufacturing}, +volume = {17}, +pages = {357-362}, +year = {2018}, +note = {28th International Conference on Flexible Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing (FAIM2018), June 11-14, 2018, Columbus, OH, USAGlobal Integration of Intelligent Manufacturing and Smart Industry for Good of Humanity}, +issn = {2351-9789}, +doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.10.057}, +url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351978918311739}, +author = {Alec Peery and Dušan Sormaz}, +keywords = {Keyboard, Ergonomics, 3D Printing}, +} + +@misc{chen_mech_switch, + title={Structure of mechanical key switch}, + author={Chen, Win-Join}, + year={1992}, + publisher={Google Patents}, + note={US Patent 5,124,514} +} + +@inproceedings{akagi_keyswitch, + title={A computer keyboard key feel study in performance and preference}, + author={Akagi, Kenichi}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting}, + volume={36}, + number={5}, + pages={523--527}, + year={1992}, + organization={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA} +} + +@inproceedings{brunner_keyswitch, + title={Effects of keyboard design and typing skill on user keyboard preferences and throughput performance}, + author={Brunner, Hans and Richardson, Rose Mae}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting}, + volume={28}, + number={3}, + pages={267--271}, + year={1984}, + organization={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA} +} + +@article{gerard_keyswitch, + title={The effects of keyswitch stiffness on typing force, finger electromyography, and subjective discomfort}, + author={Gerard, Michael J and Armstrong, Thomas J and Franzblau, Alfred and Martin, Bernard J and Rempel, David M}, + journal={American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal}, + volume={60}, + number={6}, + pages={762--769}, + year={1999}, + publisher={Taylor \& Francis} +} + +@online{te_connect, +author = {TE Connectivity}, +title = {8134-HC-8P2 - Application specification}, +url = {https://www.te.com/usa-en/product-7-1437514-0.html}, +urldate = {2021-07-01} +} + +@online{gmmk_hot_swap, +author = {Glorious LLC}, +title = {GMMK GLORIOUS MODULAR MECHANICAL KEYBOARD}, +url = {https://www.pcgamingrace.com/products/gmmk-full-brown-switch}, +urldate = {2021-07-01} +} + +@article{fagarasanu_force_training, + title={The training effect on typing on two alternative keyboards}, + author={Fagarasanu, Mircea and Kumar, Shrawan and Narayan, Yogesh}, + journal={International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics}, + volume={35}, + number={6}, + pages={509--516}, + year={2005}, + publisher={Elsevier} +} + +@inproceedings{hoffmann_typeright, + title={TypeRight: a keyboard with tactile error prevention}, + author={Hoffmann, Alexander and Spelmezan, Daniel and Borchers, Jan}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems}, + pages={2265--2268}, + year={2009} +} + +@article{radwin_keyswitch, + title={Computer key switch force-displacement characteristics and short-term effects on localized fatigue}, + author={Radwin, Robert G and Ruffalo, Barry A}, + journal={Ergonomics}, + volume={42}, + number={1}, + pages={160--170}, + year={1999}, + publisher={Taylor \& Francis} +} + +@inproceedings{loricchio_force_speed, + title={Key force and typing performance}, + author={Loricchio, David F}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting}, + volume={36}, + number={4}, + pages={281--282}, + year={1992}, + organization={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA} +} + +@inproceedings{chen_typing_test, + title={Quantitative evaluation of 4 computer keyboards: Wrist posture and typing performance}, + author={Chen, C and Burastero, S and Tittiranonda, P and Hollerbach, K and Shih, M and Denhoy, R}, + booktitle={Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting}, + volume={38}, + number={17}, + pages={1094--1098}, + year={1994}, + organization={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA} +} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/scripts/keyswitches_brands.py b/scripts/keyswitches_brands.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6b466d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/scripts/keyswitches_brands.py @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +import seaborn as sns +import matplotlib.pyplot as mp +from pandas import read_csv + +sns.set_theme(style="white", color_codes=True) +sns.set_palette("colorblind") + +switches = read_csv("../data/keyswitches_brands.csv") + +axis = sns.countplot(data=switches, x="actuation_force") +axis.set(ylabel="Number of available Keyswitches", xlabel="Actuation force ± 2 g") +mp.savefig("../images/keyswitches_brands.png") diff --git a/thesis.tex b/thesis.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..077c01a --- /dev/null +++ b/thesis.tex @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +%----Präambel/Preamble--------------------------------------------------------------- +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +\documentclass[a4paper, + 11pt, + DIV=11, + headings=big, + index=totoc, + listof=totoc, + bibliography=totoc, + parskip=half, + cleardoublepage=empty, + oneside, + openright]{scrartcl} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +\usepackage[UKenglish]{babel} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} + +% verbesserter Randausgleich +\usepackage{microtype} + +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{float} +\usepackage{wrapfig} +\usepackage{subfigure} + +\usepackage{geometry} % Für newgeometry in Titelseite +\geometry{a4paper,left=30mm,right=20mm} + +% Hyperref loads url internally therefore we pass the option hyphens to url without loading it manually +\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url} +\usepackage[pdfborder={0 0 0}, + colorlinks=true, + linkcolor=black, + citecolor=red, + ]{hyperref} + +% Citation +\usepackage[style=numeric, natbib=true]{biblatex} +\addbibresource{ref_shelf.bib} + +\usepackage{pdfpages} + +\usepackage{xcolor} + +\usepackage{setspace} + +\usepackage{longtable} +\usepackage{multirow} +\usepackage{colortbl} + +\usepackage{mathtools} + +%----Kopfzeile----------------------------------------------------------------------- +\usepackage{scrlayer-scrpage} % Aufruf KOMA-Skript für Kopfzeilen +%----Separator Header/Footer--------------------------------------------------------- +\KOMAoptions{headsepline=true, footsepline=true} + +\pagestyle{scrheadings} % Definition der Eigenen Headerformatierung +\clearscrheadfoot % alle Standard-Werte und Formatierungen raus +% \automark[chapter]{section} % Kapitel und Section als Inhalt der Variablen leftmark und rightmark +\ohead{\pagemark} % Seitenzahl auf äußerem Rand +% \ihead{\Ifthispageodd{\leftmark}{\rightmark}} % Innere Überschrift mit Kapitel bei linker Seite und Section bei rechter Seite -> geht nur in Verbindung mit + % zweiseitigem Text wirklich sinnvoll +\setkomafont{pagehead}{\scshape} % Schriftart in Kopfzeile, \scshape = Kapitelchen +%----Fußzeile------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\setkomafont{pagefoot}{\scshape} % Schriftart in Fußfzeile, \scshape = Kapitelchen +\ifoot{\footnotesize{Philip Gaber}} +\ofoot{\footnotesize{Bachelor Thesis}} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + +%----Farbdefinition--THI-Blau-------------------------------------------------------- +\definecolor{thi_blue}{RGB}{2,91,156} +\addtokomafont{section}{\color{thi_blue} \rmfamily \scshape} +\addtokomafont{subsection}{\color{thi_blue} \rmfamily} +\addtokomafont{subsubsection}{\color{thi_blue} \rmfamily} +\addtokomafont{paragraph}{\color{thi_blue} \rmfamily} +\addtokomafont{subparagraph}{\rmfamily} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +\definecolor{tab_2}{RGB}{230,230,230} +\definecolor{tab_1}{RGB}{85,128,214} + +%------Längenanpassung--------------------------------------------------------------- +\setlength{\headsep}{10mm} % Textabstand zur Kopfzeile +\setlength{\footskip}{15mm} % Abstand zur Fußzeile +\setlength{\textheight}{235mm} % Texthöhe +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + +%----Glossar------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\usepackage[toc,acronym,nonumberlist,nogroupskip]{glossaries} +\makeglossaries +\include{glossary} +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +% \includeonly{ +% glossary, +% mainpart, +% %fazit, +% appendices +% } + + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +%----------------DOKUMENT-BEGINN----------------------------------------------------- +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +\begin{document} + + %----Vermeidung von Hurenkindern und Schusterjungen--------------------- + \widowpenalty=10000 + \clubpenalty=10000 + \displaywidowpenalty=10000 + %----------------------------------------------------------------------- + + %Titelseite/title page + \include{titlepage} % include erzeugt immer eine neue Seite bei jedem Einbinden + \cleardoublepage % include always creates a new page + + \pagenumbering{Roman} % Römische Nummerierung der Kapitel/roman page numbering + + %Erklärung + \include{affidavit} + \cleardoublepage + + %Danksagung + \include{acknowledgments} + \cleardoublepage + + %Kurfassung/Abstract German (only for thesis written in German) + % \include{abstractDE} + % \cleardoublepage + + %Kurzfassung/Abstract Englisch (for every thesis) + \include{abstractEN} + \cleardoublepage + + %Sperrvermerk/Confidentiality clause (if any) + % \include{confidentialityClause} + % \cleardoublepage + + % Inhaltsverzeichnis + \renewcommand{\contentsname}{Table of contents} % Remove for German thesis + \tableofcontents + \cleardoublepage + \singlespacing + +%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +%------Ausarbeitung-------------------------------------------------------------- +%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +% Arabische Nummerierung der Kapitel/Arabic page numbering + \pagenumbering{arabic} + \include{mainpart} + +%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +%-----Anhang--------------------------------------------------------------------- +%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + \pagenumbering{Roman} % Römische Nummerierung der Kapitel/Roman page numbering + \setcounter{page}{1} % Beginn bei Seitenzahl X (hier: 6) um bei oberer Nummerierung aufzuschließen/Adapt page numbering + + %Glossar/Glossary + \glssetwidest{A D A S} % gleicher Abstand zur 2. Spalte (längstes Wort) + % \setglossarystyle{alttree} + % \glsaddall + \printglossaries + \cleardoublepage + + %Abbildungsverzeichnis/List of figures + \renewcommand*\listfigurename{List of figures} % Remove for German thesis + \listoffigures + \cleardoublepage + + %Tabellenverzeichnis/List of tables + \renewcommand*\listtablename{List of tables} % Remove for German thesis + \listoftables + \cleardoublepage + + %Literaturliste/Literature references + % \bibliographystyle{abbrvdin} % DIN-Norm für Literaturdarstellung plaindin + \renewcommand{\refname}{Literature references} % Remove for German thesis + \printbibliography + \cleardoublepage + + %Anhänge/Appendices + \include{appendices} + \cleardoublepage + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +%----------------DOKUMENTENENDE - END OF DOCUMENT------------------------------------ +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +\end{document} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/titlepage.tex b/titlepage.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d268418 --- /dev/null +++ b/titlepage.tex @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +%----------Titelseite------------------------------------------------------------- + +\newgeometry{textheight=0.9\paperheight, textwidth=0.76\paperwidth, left=30mm, right=20mm} + +\begin{titlepage} + %----THI-Bertrandt-logo-------------------------------------------------------- + \begin{figure}[!h] + \centering + \includegraphics[width={0.4\textwidth}]{images/thiRGB.jpg} + \end{figure} + %------------------------------------------------------------------------------ + + \begin{center} + \hrulefill + \end{center} + + + \begin{center} + \vspace{1cm} + + \huge\textbf{ + Bachelor's thesis}\\[2.5em] + \normalsize + Bachelor's course Computer Science, B. Sc.\\ + Faculty of Computer Science\\ [7em] + + \Large\textbf{ + Impact of adjusted, per key, actuation force on efficiency and satisfaction while using mechanical keyboards} \\ + \end{center} + + \vfill + + + \begin{tabular}{ll} + Name and Surname: & \textbf{Philip Gaber} \\ [3em] + + Issued on: & 08.04.2021 \\ [1em] % issuing date + Submitted on: & xx.yy.zzzz \\ [3em] %date of hand in + + First examiner: & Prof. Priv.-Doz. Dr. techn. Andreas Riener\\ [1em] + Second examiner: & Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Franz Regensburger\\[3em] + \end{tabular} + +\end{titlepage} + +\restoregeometry \ No newline at end of file