diff --git a/chap2/literature_review.tex b/chap2/literature_review.tex index 24ce12b..462698a 100644 --- a/chap2/literature_review.tex +++ b/chap2/literature_review.tex @@ -256,7 +256,6 @@ easy to comprehend \cite{flesch_fre}. Immel proposed an adjusted formula of the According to Flesch, the values retrieved by applying the formula to text can be classified according to the ranges given in Table \ref{tbl:fre_ranges} \cite{flesch_fre}. \begin{table} - \centering \caption{Categories for different FRE scores to classify the understandability of text \cite{flesch_fre}} diff --git a/chap4/methodology.tex b/chap4/methodology.tex index f0ba05e..a73016a 100644 --- a/chap4/methodology.tex +++ b/chap4/methodology.tex @@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ Desktop\footnote{\url{https://signal.org/download/}}, Telegram Desktop\footnote{\url{https://desktop.telegram.org/}}). \subsection{Market analysis of available mechanical keyswitches} +\label{sec:market_forces} To gather information about available actuation forces, we collected the product lines of keyswitches for all well known manufacturers, namely Cherry\footnote{\url{https://www.cherrymx.de/en/mx-original/mx-red.html}}, @@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ actuation force is 35 g ($\approx$ 0.34 \gls{N}) the most common one is 50 g \begin{figure}[ht] \centering - \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{images/keyswitches_brands} + \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{images/keyswitches_brands} \caption{Available actuation forces for keyswitches of major keyswitch manufacturers} \label{fig:keyswitches_brands} \end{figure} @@ -105,5 +106,100 @@ subjects were all personal contacts. Subjects professions were distributed as follows: computer science students (3/6), physiotherapist (1/6), user experience consultant (1/6) and retail (1/6). All Participants were given instructions to exert maximum force for approximately one second onto the key mounted to the -measuring device described in Section \ref{sec:force_meas_dev}. The order of -positions in which the participants had to press the key was complete counterbalanced +measuring device described in Section \ref{sec:force_meas_dev}. We also used a +timer to announced when to press and when to stop. We provided a keyboard to +every participant, which was used as a reference for the finger position before +every measurement. To reduce order effects, we used a balanced latin square to +specify the sequence of rows (top, home, bottom) in which the participants had +to press the keys \cite{bradley_latin_square}. Additionally, because there were +only six people available, we alternated the direction from which participants +had to start in such a way, that every second subject started with the little +finger instead of the index finger. An example of four different positions of +the finger while performing the measurements for the keys \textit{Shift, L, I} +and \textit{Z} can be observed in Figure \ref{fig:FM_example}. + +\begin{figure}[ht] + \centering + \includegraphics[width=1.0\textwidth]{images/FM_example} + \caption{Prototype of the force measuring device used to gather data about the + maximum applicable force to a key with different finger positions. The + positions for certain keys are simulated by aligning the wrist pad (left + picture) to the scale of the device. The four different positions for the + keys \textit{Shift, L, I, Z} (right pictures) are color coded according to + the keys on the scale} + \label{fig:FM_example} +\end{figure} + +The results of the measurements are given in Table \ref{tbl:finger_force}. The +median of the means (15.47 N) of all measurements was used to calculate the +actuation forces in gram for the keyswitches later incorporated in the layout +for adjusted keyboard. We used Eq. (\ref{eq:N_to_g}) and +Eq. (\ref{eg:actuation_forces}) to calculate the gram values for each measured +keyswitch. + +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:N_to_g} + GFR = \frac{50 g}{M_{maf}} = \frac{50 g}{14.47 N} = 3.23 \frac{g}{N} +\end{equation} + +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:actuation_forces} + AF_{key} = GFR * MAF_{key} +\end{equation} + +With $M_{maf}$ the median of the means of applicable forces, $50 g$ the most +commonly found actuation force on the market (Section \ref{sec:market_forces}), +$GFR_{key}$ the gram to force ratio, $MAF_{key}$ the median of applicable force +for a specific key and $AF_{key}$ the actuation force for that specific key in +grams. + +An example where we calculated the theoretical actuation force for the \textit{P} +key can be seen in Eq. (\ref{eq:force_example}). + +\begin{equation} + \label{eq:force_example} + AF_{P} = GFR * MAF_{P} = 3.23 \frac{g}{N} * 10.45 N \approx 33.75 g +\end{equation} + +Because there are only certain spring + +% Custom spring stiffness +% https://www.engineersedge.com/spring_comp_calc_k.htm + + +\begin{table*}[] + \centering + \ra{1.3} + \begin{tabularx}{13cm}{?l^l^l^l^l^l^l^l} + \toprule + \multicolumn{8}{c}{\textbf{Bottom Row}}\\ + \rowstyle{\itshape} + \emph{Key} & ↑ & - & : & ; & M & N & B \\ + \midrule + \emph{Mean Force (N)} & 11.23 & 10.84 & 14.22 & 15.34 & 16.38 & 15.6 & 14.36\\ + \emph{Actuation Force (g)} & 36.05 & 34.8 & 45.65 & 49.24 & 52.58 & 50.08 & 46.1\\ + \end{tabularx} + \begin{tabularx}{13cm}{?l^l^l^l^l^l^l^X} + \multicolumn{8}{c}{\textbf{Home Row}}\\ + \rowstyle{\itshape} + \emph{Key} & Ä & Ö & L & K & J & H &\\ + \midrule + \emph{Mean Force (N)} & 11.88 & 12.27 & 15.84 & 18.56 & 17.78 & 18.43 &\\ + \emph{Actuation Force (g)} & 38.13 & 39.39 & 50.85 & 59.58 & 57.07 & 59.16 &\\ + \end{tabularx} + \begin{tabularx}{13cm}{?l^l^l^l^l^l^l^l} + \multicolumn{8}{c}{\textbf{Top Row}}\\ + \rowstyle{\itshape} + \emph{Key} & + & Ü & P & O & I & U & Z \\ + \midrule + \emph{Mean Force (N)} & 10.8 & 10.7 & 10.45 & 14.34 & 17.95 & 17.0 & 16.8 \\ + \emph{Actuation Force (g)} & 34.67 & 34.35 & 33.54 & 46.03 & 57.62 & 54.57 & 53.93\\ + \bottomrule + \end{tabularx} + \caption{Maximum force measurements for all digits of the right hand in + different positions. The mean force of six participants is shown in the + first row of each table and the resulting actuation force for the + corresponding keyswitch in the following row. The columns indicate the label + of the scale on the measuring device which can be seen in Figure + \ref{fig:FM_example}. \textit{↑} stands for the shift key.} +\end{table*} diff --git a/images/FM_example.jpg b/images/FM_example.jpg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b1fff8c Binary files /dev/null and b/images/FM_example.jpg differ diff --git a/ref_shelf.bib b/ref_shelf.bib index b7851e1..893442e 100644 --- a/ref_shelf.bib +++ b/ref_shelf.bib @@ -861,4 +861,15 @@ urldate = {2021-07-06} pages={541--547}, year={2007}, publisher={BMJ Publishing Group Ltd} +} + +@article{bradley_latin_square, + title={Complete counterbalancing of immediate sequential effects in a Latin square design}, + author={Bradley, James V}, + journal={Journal of the American Statistical Association}, + volume={53}, + number={282}, + pages={525--528}, + year={1958}, + publisher={Taylor \& Francis} } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/thesis.tex b/thesis.tex index ce3d653..7c82725 100644 --- a/thesis.tex +++ b/thesis.tex @@ -23,6 +23,15 @@ \usepackage{mdframed} \BeforeBeginEnvironment{minted}{\begin{mdframed}} \AfterEndEnvironment{minted}{\end{mdframed}} +\usepackage{booktabs} +\usepackage{tabularx} +\newcommand{\ra}[1]{\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{#1}} +\usepackage{array} +\newcolumntype{?}{>{\global\let\currentrowstyle\relax}} +\newcolumntype{^}{>{\currentrowstyle}} +\newcommand{\rowstyle}[1]{\gdef\currentrowstyle{#1}% + #1\ignorespaces +} % \usepackage{mathpazo} % verbesserter Randausgleich